Conventional wisdom argues that national identity and populism go hand in hand. We disentangle this relationship by examining how populist attitudes relate to two distinct conceptions of nationhood: civic and ethnic national identity. We argue that a civic conception of nationhood is negatively related to populism, while an ethnic conception of nationhood is positively related. Additionally, we expect these relationships to be moderated by socio-economic status. Using data from the German Longitudinal Election Study from 2017, our analyses show that, on average, both civic and ethnic conceptions of nationhood relate positively to populist attitudes. This finding, however, changes substantially once we account for socio-economic status: For respondents with higher levels of education and/or a more positive evaluation of the state of the economy, the relationship between civic national identity and populism turns negative, which is more in line with our expectations. We find no moderation for an ethnic national identity.

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民族认同与民粹主义：民族概念与民粹主义态度之间的关系

传统观点认为，民族认同和民粹主义是齐头并进的。我们通过研究民粹主义态度如何与两种不同的民族概念相关联来解开这种关系：公民和种族民族认同。我们认为，公民的民族概念与民粹主义呈负相关，而民族的民族概念则与民粹主义呈正相关。此外，我们预计这些关系会受到社会经济地位的影响。使用来自 2017 年德国纵向选举研究的数据，我们的分析表明，平均而言，公民和种族的国家概念都与民粹主义态度呈正相关。然而，一旦我们考虑社会经济地位，这一发现就会发生重大变化：对于教育水平较高和/或对经济状况有更积极评价的受访者，公民民族认同与民粹主义的关系转为消极，更符合我们的预期。我们发现种族民族认同没有节制。