Anthropological theory on gift reciprocity has amounted to a fruitful contribution to theology, as different thinkers have portrayed God’s grace as an undeserved gift that nevertheless obliges the recipient to make a non‐transactional return gift (John Milbank, John Barclay). Alternative views that highlight a radically unilateral understanding of the gift are sometimes dualistic (J. Louis Martyn, Philip Ziegler). This article connects the discourse on giving with the biological discussion of reciprocity, pursuing a realistic theology that is open to learning from the empirical sciences. In spite of abiding differences in non‐human and human gift‐giving, parallels between the two buttress a more robust view of creation than suggested by dualism. In addition, a third position, which affirms unilateral gratuity but not dualism (Kathryn Tanner), remains aloof of nature, showing tensions with human experience where it appeals to experience. However, this does not mean that theologians should embrace the model of gift reciprocity exclusively. While this conceptual scheme makes a lasting contribution to theology, more radical expressions of Paul’s theology of grace affirm an unconditional understanding of grace. Besides reciprocity, there are also facets in primate behavior that are in keeping with a unilateral practice of giving.

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既不是恶魔也不是天使：关于互惠的神学和实证研究

关于礼物互惠的人类学理论为神学做出了丰硕的贡献，因为不同的思想家将上帝的恩典描绘成一种不当的礼物，但仍然迫使接受者做出非交易性的礼物（John Milbank，John Barclay）。强调对礼物有根本的单方面理解的另类观点有时是二元的（J. Louis Martyn，Philip Ziegler）。本文将关于给予的论述与对等的生物学讨论联系起来，追求一种可以从经验科学中学习的现实神学。尽管在非人类和人类的馈赠上一直存在差异，但两个支柱之间的相似之处比二元论所建议的更为稳健。此外，第三个立场是单方面的酬金，但不是二元论（Kathryn Tanner），仍然是自然界之外的事物，它在吸引经验的地方表现出与人类经验的紧张关系。但是，这并不意味着神学家应该完全接受礼物互惠的模式。尽管这一概念性方案对神学做出了持久的贡献，但保罗恩典神学的更为激进的表述肯定了对恩典的无条件理解。除了互惠外，灵长类动物的行为还与单方面的奉献行为保持一致。