The modes of intergroup contact, both direct and indirect, have become a focal point for the contact literature over the past decade or more. As part of our developing understanding of when and why certain types of contact improve intergroup relations, this paper examines some theoretical concepts useful for organizing modes of contact, building on previous schemes in the literature. It explores the idea that experiences in one type of contact generalize to other modes of contact. It then considers the degree to which individuals have choice about which mode of contact to use, and indeed whether they have choice about having contact at all, as well as whether such choices are associated with the valence of the contact. These ideas are developed into a model of flexibility in if and how to engage in contact, including the positive and negative consequences thereof. The model contributes to the literature's ability to consider both whether contact occurs and how it happens in a single framework. The paper considers whether societal inequality is reflected in the kinds of contact choices available to those with privilege and those without.

中文翻译：

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小组间联系方式：是否以及如何与小组外互动

在过去的十年或更长时间里，直接和间接的群体间联系方式已经成为联系文献的焦点。作为我们对何时以及为什么某些类型的联系改善群体之间关系的不断发展的理解的一部分，本文以文献中的先前方案为基础，研究了一些对组织联系方式有用的理论概念。它探讨了一种联系类型中的经验可以推广到其他联系方式的想法。然后，它考虑了个人对使用哪种联系方式的选择程度，以及实际上他们是否对联系有选择权，以及这种选择是否与联系价有关。这些想法被发展为是否以及如何灵活的模型进行接触，包括其积极和消极的后果。该模型有助于文献考虑接触是否发生以及在单个框架中如何发生接触的能力。本文考虑了社会不平等是否反映在有特权的人和没有特权的人可以选择的接触方式中。