Today, physical and psychological barriers can reduce opportunities for the type of direct face‐to‐face intergroup contact first identified by Gordon Allport. Consequently, social psychological researchers have identified, developed and tested a burgeoning array of different forms of indirect contact, including, extended contact, Electronic‐ or E‐contact, imagined contact, vicarious contact and parasocial contact. In addition to providing a critical review of each of these forms, we argue that indirect contact is more than just a simple “replacement” for direct contact, but instead has the potential to improve intergroup relations for both minority and majority members in its own right. Relatedly, we acknowledge that indirect contact occurs within specific normative contexts embodied in legislation, institutions, and media and political contents. In fact, we recognize that indirect contact requires an integrative understanding of the role of intergroup norms and affective processes in order to effectively achieve public policy objectives to optimize effects on prejudice reduction.

中文翻译：

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超越直接接触：间接接触在改善群体间关系方面的理论和社会意义

如今，身体和心理上的障碍可以减少Gordon Allport首先确定的直接面对面群体间接触的机会。因此，社会心理学研究人员已经确定，发展和测试了各种形式的间接接触，包括扩展接触，电子或电子接触，想象的接触，替代接触和超社会接触。除了提供对每种形式的批判性评论之外，我们认为间接接触不只是直接接触的简单“替代”，而是有可能改善这两种形式的群体关系少数群体和多数成员本身。相关地，我们承认间接接触发生在立法，机构，媒体和政治内容所体现的特定规范性语境中。实际上，我们认识到，间接接触需要对群体间准则和情感过程的作用有一个整体的了解，以便有效地实现公共政策目标，以优化对减少偏见的影响。