It is well established that recent immigrants earn considerably less than their native-born counterparts even after adjusting for differences in human capital. Another labour market trend has been the growth in non-standard forms of employment. Since non-standard forms of work are generally less desirable than standard jobs on a number of dimensions including earnings, this study examines the nexus between immigrant earnings and non-standard employment to investigate if there is a systemic connection between the two trends. Consistent with earlier research evidence, we find a substantial earnings disadvantage associated with all forms of non-standard work relative to full-time, permanent employment. Conditioning on observable characteristics, immigrants are less likely to be employed in full-time, permanent work. However, when we examine workers in non-standard jobs, we find that immigrant–non-immigrant earnings gaps are smaller than those observed among workers in standard jobs. Moreover, the unadjusted mean earnings of long-term immigrants in part-time jobs are actually higher than the earnings of similarly employed Canadian-born workers. Finally, considering immigrants from Western and non-Western countries, we find that the earnings disadvantage of non-Western immigrants in non-standard jobs is smaller than the earnings disadvantage of non-Western immigrants in standard jobs. These findings suggest that non-standard jobs provide a point of entry for many new immigrants into the Canadian labour market. But whether these jobs are a bridge to upward mobility or whether they act as traps from which immigrants are unable to escape is a question that needs to be answered with better longitudinal data that track specific cohorts of workers.

中文翻译：

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加拿大移民与非移民工资差异：标准工作与非标准工作的比较

众所周知，即使在调整了人力资本差异后，新移民的收入也远低于他们本地出生的同龄人。另一个劳动力市场趋势是非标准就业形式的增长。由于在包括收入在内的许多方面，非标准形式的工作通常不如标准工作理想，因此本研究考察了移民收入与非标准就业之间的联系，以调查这两种趋势之间是否存在系统性联系。与早期的研究证据一致，我们发现与全职、长期就业相关的所有形式的非标准工作都存在严重的收入劣势。根据可观察到的特征，移民不太可能从事全职、长期工作。然而，比在标准工作的工人中观察到的要小。此外，从事兼职工作的长期移民未经调整的平均收入实际上高于类似就业的加拿大出生工人的收入。最后，考虑来自西方和非西方国家的移民，我们发现非西方移民从事非标准工作的收入劣势更小而非西方移民在标准工作中的收入劣势。这些调查结果表明，非标准工作为许多新移民进入加拿大劳动力市场提供了一个切入点。但是，这些工作是通往向上流动的桥梁，还是充当移民无法逃脱的陷阱，是一个需要通过追踪特定工人群体的更好的纵向数据来回答的问题。