Studies on academic inbreeding have mostly focused on institutional inbreeding and its negative effects, whereas little research has explored its causes. We identify current explanations of the macro-, meso- and micro-level factors that sustain academic inbreeding as well as research gaps. We address a main research gap regarding what macro-level factors contribute to academic inbreeding, by analysing systems’ norms and rules regulating access to senior academic positions and teaching language requirements in France, Germany, Italy and Spain, the largest public university systems of the European Union. The analysis reveals that career rules designed to guarantee quality may have unintended effects in terms of academic inbreeding. Most importantly, the habilitation procedures pose greater challenges to international candidates and often increase barriers between disciplines as well. In some disciplines and regions, language requirements contribute substantially to academic inbreeding.

中文翻译：

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大学系统的特征如何影响学术近亲繁殖？法国、德国、意大利和西班牙的职业规则和语言要求

关于学术近亲繁殖的研究主要集中在制度近亲繁殖及其负面影响上，而很少有研究探讨其原因。我们确定了当前对维持学术近亲繁殖和研究差距的宏观、中观和微观层面因素的解释。我们通过分析法国、德国、意大利和西班牙这些最大的公立大学系统中管理高级学术职位和教学语言要求的系统规范和规则，解决了关于哪些宏观层面因素有助于学术近亲繁殖的主要研究空白。欧洲联盟。分析表明，旨在保证质量的职业规则可能会对学术近亲产生意想不到的影响。最重要的是，适应程序对国际候选人提出了更大的挑战，并且往往也增加了学科之间的障碍。在某些学科和地区，语言要求极大地促进了学术近亲繁殖。