In this mixed-methods study, we examined the employment trajectories of immigrant employees in the construction sector in Milan and the role of unions in promoting their labour market inclusion. Drawing on a unique dataset of 417,004 contracts representing more than 166,000 construction workers over a 12-year period (2000–2011), we employed Growth Curve Modelling (GCM) to explore national group differences in contract, firm and sector tenure trajectories. We found Egyptian and Romanian workers suffer from lowest tenure levels. To investigate these results, we conducted 15 interviews with key informants. Results suggested firm characteristics and position along the production process (mono-task), pervasive immigrant hiring queues (mono-national) and union's use of class strategies are interlocking forces that shape deep labour market segregation. We recommend unions develop and apply tailored ethnic strategies to empower highly segregated immigrant groups.

中文翻译：

---

构建不平等：米兰建筑业移民工人的任期轨迹和工会战略

在这项混合方法研究中，我们研究了米兰建筑业移民雇员的就业轨迹以及工会在促进其劳动力市场包容性方面的作用。利用代表 12 年期间（2000 年至 2011 年）超过 166,000 名建筑工人的 417,004 份合同的独特数据集，我们采用增长曲线模型 (GCM) 来探索合同、公司和部门任期轨迹方面的国家组差异。我们发现埃及和罗马尼亚工人的任期水平最低。为了调查这些结果，我们对关键知情人进行了 15 次访谈。结果表明公司在生产过程中的特征和地位（单一任务）、普遍的移民招聘队列（单一国家）和工会 阶级战略的使用是形成劳动力市场深度隔离的连锁力量。我们建议工会制定和应用量身定制的种族战略，以赋予高度隔离的移民群体权力。