Early life is a sensitive period in which social experience provides essential information for normal development (Johnson and Blasco Pediatrics in Review, 18 (7), 224–242, 1997 ). Studies have shown that having a loving, primary caregiver early in life acts as a protective factor against social and emotional maladjustments later in life (Egeland and Hiester Child Development, 66 (2), 474–485, 1995 ), while the exposure to childhood adversities, such as child abuse and neglect, have been associated with increased risk of developing diseases later in life (Felitti et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14 (4), 245–258, 1998 ). Data based on reports by American child protective service agencies estimated that with little change over the last four years, more than 700,000 children were victims of child abuse and neglect in the US alone every year (Child Trends Data Bank 2019 ). The biological mechanisms involved in the associations between childhood adversities and disease development are not known, but it is likely that child abuse and neglect do influence fundamental biological processes (Mehta et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (20), 8302–8307, 2013 ) and epigenetic alteration has been suggested as one such biological mechanism regulating these interactions (Tammen et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 34 (4), 753–764, 2013 ).

中文翻译：

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早期生活压力能产生生物恢复力吗？

早期生活是一个敏感时期，社会经验为正常发育提供了必要的信息（Johnson and Blasco Pediatrics in Review, 18 (7), 224–242, 1997）。研究表明，在生命的早期拥有一个充满爱心的主要照顾者可以作为一种保护因素，防止生命后期的社会和情绪失调（Egeland and Hiester Child Development, 66 (2), 474–485, 1995），而童年时期的接触逆境，例如虐待和忽视儿童，与以后患疾病的风险增加有关（Felitti et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14 (4), 245–258, 1998）。根据美国儿童保护服务机构报告的数据估计，在过去四年中几乎没有变化，超过 700 个，仅在美国，每年就有 000 名儿童成为虐待和忽视儿童的受害者（儿童趋势数据库 2019 年）。童年逆境与疾病发展之间的关联所涉及的生物学机制尚不清楚，但虐待和忽视儿童可能确实会影响基本的生物学过程（Mehta 等人，美国国家科学院院刊， 110 (20), 8302–8307, 2013 )，并且表观遗传改变被认为是调节这些相互作用的一种生物学机制 (Tammen et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 34 (4), 753–764, 2013)。