The bio-pesticide abamectin has been used to control a large variety of insects, including Diptera species, attributed to its high toxicity with virtually no residual effects on treated crops. Its low residual effect ensures the survival of natural enemies and other non-target organisms. Imidacloprid is also widely used for insect pest control due to its potency and high insect selectivity in comparison to mammals. On the other hand, diazinon has been applied extensively to control immature fruit fly stages, mature larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae in soil drench application, thus, affecting the whole agroecosystem, including the natural enemies. The toxic effects of abamectin and imidaclopride proposed as a replacement for diazinone in soil treatment, were studied against a laboratory strain of the peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) under field-caged conditions. Five days old PFF pupae were treated by each pesticide. PFF pupae exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the tested pesticides. Non-significant differences in the pupal mortality rates were obtained between imidacloprid (77.52%), abamectin (77.22%), or diazinon (73.89%). Diazinon and abamectin achieved the highest percentages of total mortality (100%), followed by imidacloprid (98.89%). Real mortality rates were mostly concentration-dependent, while the deformed flies rate depended on the chemical sub-group of insecticide and concentration. Additionally, the biochemical studies revealed different acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibition levels caused by the pesticides on the treated flies sampled at 24, 48, and 72 hours post fly emergence. The bio-insecticide abamectin is an option to diazinon for the control of PFF pupae. Also, soil treatment might be an alternative for PFF pupae control.

中文翻译：

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生物杀虫剂替代二嗪农来控制桃果蝇（Bactrocera zonata）（桑德斯）（双翅目：蝇科）

生物农药阿维菌素已被用来控制包括双翅目在内的多种昆虫，这归因于其高毒性而对处理过的农作物几乎没有残留作用。它的残留效应低，可确保天敌和其他非目标生物的生存。吡虫啉由于其效价高和与哺乳动物相比具有较高的昆虫选择性，因此也被广泛用于害虫防治。另一方面，二嗪农已被广泛地用于控制未成熟的果蝇阶段，成熟的幼虫，pre和土壤中的dr，从而影响了整个农业生态系统，包括天敌。有人提出用阿维菌素和咪唑环丙胺替代重氮酮在土壤处理中的毒性作用，以对抗桃果蝇（PFF）的实验室菌株，田间笼养条件下的带状小实蝇（Saunders）（双翅目：蝇科）。用每种农药处理五天大的PFF up。PFF up对测试农药的敏感性不同。吡虫啉（77.52％），阿维菌素（77.22％）或二嗪农（73.89％）之间的up死亡率无显着差异。二嗪农和阿维菌素的总死亡率最高（100％），其次是吡虫啉（98.89％）。实际死亡率主要取决于浓度，而畸形果蝇率则取决于杀虫剂的化学亚类和浓度。此外，生化研究表明，在果蝇出苗后24、48和72小时，由处理过的果蝇上的农药引起的农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的抑制水平不同。生物杀虫剂阿维菌素是二嗪农控制PFF up的一种选择。同样，土壤处理可能是控制PFF up的替代方法。