The impact of deterrence institutions beyond their immediate scope of application is unknown. Using a quasi-experiment with naturally occurring variation in inspections, we found evidence of spillover effects across contexts. We identified fraudsters and non-fraudsters on public transport who were or not exposed to ticket inspections. We measured the intrinsic honesty of the same persons in a new context where they could misappropriate money. Instead of having an educative effect across contexts, the exposure to deterrence practices increased unethical behaviour of fraudsters but also, strikingly, of non-fraudsters. Learning about the prevailing norm is the likely channel of this spillover effect.

中文翻译：

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欺诈威慑机构降低了内在诚实

威慑机构超出其直接适用范围的影响尚不清楚。使用检查中自然发生的变化的准实验，我们发现了跨环境溢出效应的证据。我们确定了公共交通工具上的欺诈者和非欺诈者，他们受到或未受到检票的影响。我们在可能挪用金钱的新环境中衡量了同一个人的内在诚实。威慑行为不仅没有产生跨环境的教育效果，反而增加了欺诈者的不道德行为，而且引人注目的是，非欺诈者的不道德行为也增加了。了解现行规范是这种溢出效应的可能渠道。