Residue concentrations of fifteen antibiotics including sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, and trimethoprim in lakes from Hanoi metropolitan area, Vietnam, were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS-MS) to elucidate their occurrence and behavior in urban environment. For surface water, the average concentrations of five antibiotic classes decreased in the order: sulfonamides (117.9 ng/L) > β-lactams (31.28 ng/L) > quinolones (20.19 ng/L) > macrolides (17.74 ng/L) > trimethoprim (8.93 ng/L). While the highest concentration of SMX was detected at 806.5 ng/L in surface water, those obtained in sediment were only at 1.35 ng/g because of their high solubility in water. Quinolones were found at a maximal concentration of 158.7 ng/L for OFL in water phase whereas those in sediment phase were 4,017 ng/g due to their great affinity in sediment. These findings revealed the different fate and release mechanisms of each antibiotic group in the environment. The ecological risk assessment implied some targeted compounds, and in particular, OFL and AZM could pose high risks to algae in the aquatic ecosystem.

中文翻译：

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越南河内部分城市湖泊中抗生素的发生，分布和生态风险评估

使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC / MS-MS）分析了越南河内市区的十五种抗生素的残留浓度，包括磺酰胺，喹诺酮类，大环内酯类，β-内酰胺类和甲氧苄啶在城市环境中的发生和行为。对于地表水，五种抗生素类别的平均浓度依次降低：磺酰胺（117.9 ng / L）>  β-内酰胺（31.28 ng / L）>喹诺酮类（20.19 ng / L）>大环内酯类（17.74 ng / L）>甲氧苄啶（8.93 ng / L）。尽管在地表水中检测到最高的SMX浓度为806.5 ng / L，但由于其在水中的高溶解度，在沉积物中获得的SMX仅为1.35 ng / g。喹诺酮类在水中的OFL最高浓度为158.7 ng / L，而在沉淀相中的喹诺酮类对沉淀物的亲和力最大，为4,017 ng / g。这些发现揭示了环境中每个抗生素组的不同命运和释放机制。生态风险评估暗示了某些目标化合物，特别是OFL和AZM可能对水生生态系统中的藻类构成高风险。