Hive design and apicultural processes have not been fundamentally changed since the design and commercialization of the Langstroth moveable frame hive in 1854. Colonies of Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymentoptera: Apidae) (the honey bee) maintain a brood nest temperature within the narrow range of 34.5–35.5°C, critical for brood development. Apis mellifera invest considerable energy to maintain hive homeostasis through behavioral modification of the hive environment. Human honey-harvesting processes and removal of the honey-filled comb (a source of thermal mass) have a detrimental impact on hive temperature that requires an increased investment of energy to rectify. This additional energy demand on the bees is a form of stress to the colony and diverts workers away from other essential tasks to that of environmental management. We investigated the thermal energy loss resulting from the removal and extraction of honey, the rate of thermal loss of an Australian standard Langstroth 10 frame hive, and the effect of honey and wax as a thermal mass in unoccupied bee hive. The results demonstrate that considerable energy expenditure would be required to rectify the hive thermal environment after honey harvesting or honeycomb frame addition. Honey provides thermal mass in the beehive, acting as a thermal buffer to external temperature change, which may mediate part of the thermal losses from the simplistic design of the Langstroth hive. Identification of these impacts in current apicultural practice and hive design allows for the improvement in the design of beehives and associated practices. These improvements may reduce stress to the bee colony, increasing colony efficiency for pollination and nectar foraging.

中文翻译：

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养蜂实践和产品对蜜蜂群体的热影响

自 1854 年 Langstroth 可移动框架蜂巢的设计和商业化以来，蜂巢设计和养蜂过程并未发生根本性改变。Apis mellifera Linnaeus（膜翅目：蜜蜂科）（蜜蜂）的巢穴温度维持在 34.5 的狭窄范围内–35.5°C，对育雏发育至关重要。蜜蜂通过改变蜂巢环境的行为，投入大量精力来维持蜂巢稳态。人类采蜜过程和取蜜蜂巢（热质来源）对蜂巢温度产生不利影响，需要增加能源投资来纠正。这种对蜜蜂的额外能量需求是对蜂群的一种压力，并将工人从其他基本任务转移到环境管理任务上。我们调查了蜂蜜的去除和提取导致的热能损失、澳大利亚标准 Langstroth 10 框架蜂巢的热损失率，以及蜂蜜和蜡作为热质量在无人蜂巢中的影响。结果表明，在采蜜或添加蜂窝框架后，需要大量的能量消耗来纠正蜂巢的热环境。蜂蜜在蜂箱中提供热质量，作为外部温度变化的热缓冲器，这可能会调解 Langstroth 蜂巢的简单设计造成的部分热损失。在当前的养蜂实践和蜂巢设计中识别这些影响有助于改进蜂箱和相关实践的设计。这些改进可能会减轻蜂群的压力，