Fairness is an important criterion for achieving sustainable urban development. While most existing studies focus on accessing or evaluating the fairness condition of a given transit network, this study explicitly incorporates fairness as an objective in the planning step. A multi-objective bilevel programming model is developed where the lower level problem is the reliability-based transit assignment problem and the upper level problem is to determine optimal frequency settings to simultaneously minimise the total effective travel cost and maximise the network fairness condition. A multi-objective Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is developed to solve the bilevel model. Numerical studies find that: (1) increasing the frequency may not improve the fairness condition; (2) there is a tradeoff between the two objectives (3) the effect of passengers’ risk aversion attitude on the fairness measurement depends on the frequency setting; it could either amplify the fairness measurements or have no impact.

公平是实现城市可持续发展的重要标准。虽然大多数现有研究都集中在访问或评估给定公交网络的公平条件，但本研究明确将公平作为规划步骤的目标。开发了一个多目标双层规划模型，其中下层问题是基于可靠性的公交分配问题，上层问题是确定最佳频率设置，以同时最小化总有效出行成本和最大化网络公平条件。开发了一种多目标人工蜂群算法来求解双层模型。数值研究发现：（1）增加频率可能不会改善公平条件；(2) 两个目标之间存在权衡 (3) 乘客风险规避态度对公平性测量的影响取决于频率设置；它可以放大公平性衡量标准，也可以没有影响。