Abstract

Bacterial infections are an important cause of mortality worldwide owing to the prevalence of drug resistant bacteria. Bacteria develop resistance against antimicrobial drugs by several mechanisms such as enzyme inactivation, reduced cell permeability, modifying target site or enzyme, enhanced efflux because of high expression of efflux pumps, biofilm formation or drug-resistance gene expression. New and alternative ways such as nanoparticle (NP) applications are being established to overcome the growing multidrug-resistance in bacteria. NPs have unique antimicrobial characteristics that make them appropriate for medical application to overcome antibiotic resistance. The proposed antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are cell membrane damage, changing cell wall penetration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, effect on DNA and proteins, and impact on biofilm formation. The present review mainly focuses on discussing various mechanisms of bacterial drug resistance and the applications of NPs as alternative antibacterial systems. Combination therapy of NPs and antibiotics as a novel approach in medicine towards antimicrobial resistance is also discussed.

摘要

由于耐药细菌的流行，细菌感染是全世界死亡的重要原因。细菌通过多种机制对抗菌药物产生抗药性，例如酶失活、细胞通透性降低、修饰靶位点或酶、由于外排泵的高表达而增强外排、生物膜形成或耐药基因表达。正在建立新的替代方法，例如纳米颗粒 (NP) 应用，以克服细菌中日益增长的多药耐药性。NPs 具有独特的抗菌特性，使其适用于医学应用以克服抗生素耐药性。提出的 NPs 的抗菌机制是细胞膜损伤、改变细胞壁渗透、活性氧 (ROS) 产生、对 DNA 和蛋白质的影响、以及对生物膜形成的影响。本综述主要侧重于讨论细菌耐药性的各种机制以及 NPs 作为替代抗菌系统的应用。还讨论了 NPs 和抗生素的联合治疗作为治疗抗菌素耐药性的新方法。