This study examines the change in activities and associated travel during the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This study is particularly interested in analyzing the role of attitudes, descriptive norms, protective behaviors toward COVID-19, travel frequency before the pandemic, and spatial and individual characteristics on activity-travel behavior changes in relation to information and communication technology (ICT) use. Data were obtained from 1062 respondents using a web-based questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the complex relationships among variables. This study found that descriptive norms positively affected the frequency of travel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teleworking and e-learning and attitudes toward COVID-19 directly affected activity-travel behavior changes. On the contrary, teleshopping did not contribute to reducing out-of-home activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Experience of ICT influenced a decline in travel frequency and ride-hailing use. Furthermore, although personal attributes insignificantly influenced activity-travel behavior change, these attributes directly affected ICT use. Meanwhile, people living outside of Java Island had a higher travel frequency during the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic than their counterparts. Based on our findings, this study recommends that the very initial step in an emergency caused by a disaster be to massively socialize or educate people about the risk of the pandemic and to continue with a policy to minimize travel by encouraging teleworking and e-learning. Empowering ICT to support activities from home will beneficially minimize the spread of the pandemic.

本研究考察了印度尼西亚 COVID-19 大流行初期活动和相关旅行的变化。本研究特别有兴趣分析态度、描述性规范、对 COVID-19 的保护行为、大流行前的旅行频率以及空间和个人特征对与信息和通信技术 (ICT) 使用相关的活动-旅行行为变化的作用. 使用基于网络的问卷调查从 1062 名受访者中获得数据。结构方程模型用于检查变量之间的复杂关系。这项研究发现，描述性规范对 COVID-19 大流行期间的旅行频率产生了积极影响。远程办公和电子学习以及对 COVID-19 的态度直接影响了活动旅行行为的变化。相反，在 COVID-19 大流行期间，远程购物无助于减少户外活动。信息通信技术的体验影响了出行频率和网约车使用的下降。此外，虽然个人属性对活动-旅行行为的变化影响不大，但这些属性直接影响了 ICT 的使用。同时，在 COVID-19 大流行初期，居住在爪哇岛以外的人的旅行频率高于其他人。根据我们的研究结果，本研究建议，在灾难引起的紧急情况下，第一步是大规模社交或教育人们了解流行病的风险，并继续实施通过鼓励远程工作和电子学习来尽量减少旅行的政策。赋予 ICT 支持在家中活动的能力将有利于最大限度地减少大流行病的传播。