The expansion of conservation agriculture (CA) requires an immediate attention on targeted breeding for the next generation of wheat cultivars that are adapted to CA system and maintain their productivity under severe drought conditions in unpredictable Mediterranean environments. In this study, eight released bread and durum wheat cultivars, differing in growth habit, were evaluated for grain yield and 15 agro-physiological traits under both conventional tillage (CT) and conservation agriculture (CA) systems using split-plot arrangements in randomized complete blocks design with three replications, in three cropping seasons (2017–2020) under rainfed conditions, at Sararood field station, Kermanshah, Iran. Cultivar, year and tillage-system main effects were significant (P < 0.01) and accounted for 1.5%, 57.8%, and 10.5% of the total variation in grain yield, respectively. The wheat cultivars performed better in conventional than conservation agriculture system with grain yield superiority varied from 4 to 35%, depending on amount and distribution pattern of precipitation over crop seasons. The best performing cultivar in conservation agriculture system was cv. Baran, winter bread wheat, while the best performing cultivar under conventional tillage was cv. Rijaw, facultative bread wheat. Cv. Sadra had the highest grain yield stability followed closely by cv. Rijaw. The positive relationships observed between grain yield and important agro-physiological traits, suggesting the efficiency of indirect selection of traits for improving grain yield under the two different tillage systems. The trait profile of wheat cultivars was strongly affected by year, depending on growth habit, and varied from one system to another. In conclusion, positive interaction of genotype and traits under two systems indicated that some traits (i.e., number of spike/m⁻², SPAD reading, normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), days to heading, 1000-kernel weight and grain filling duration) were effective in genotype adaptation to a particular system. Based on the findings, the distribution pattern of precipitation during cropping season was among the major determinant factor in success of rainfed wheat productivity. The wheat genotypes also significantly interacted with different tillage systems, implying the need for specific adaptation to tillage systems and environments.

保护性农业（CA）的发展需要立即关注下一代小麦品种的目标育种，这些小麦品种适合于CA系统并在恶劣的干旱条件下在地中海无法预测的环境中保持其生产力。在这项研究中，使用传统的耕作（CT）和保护性农业（CA）系统，采用分块布置方式，随机分配了8个不同生长习性的释放的面包和硬粒小麦品种的谷物产量和15种农业生理性状，在伊朗克尔曼沙什的萨拉鲁德野外观测站，在雨育条件下的三个种植季节（2017-2020年）中，进行了三个重复的块设计。品种，年度和耕作制度的主要影响显着（P <0.01），分别占谷物总产量变化的1.5％，57.8％和10.5％。小麦品种在传统系统上的表现优于保护性农业系统，其谷物单产优势在4％至35％之间，具体取决于作物季节的降水量和分布方式。保护性农业系统中表现最好的品种是简历。巴兰（Baran），冬面包小麦，而常规耕种下表现最好的品种是简历。Rijaw，兼职面包小麦。简历。Sadra的谷物产量稳定性最高，其次为cv。丽雅 观察到谷物产量与重要的农业生理性状之间存在正相关关系，这表明在两种不同耕作制度下，间接选择性状可以提高谷物的产量。小麦品种的性状特征受年份的影响很大，具体取决于生长习性，并且在一个系统与另一个系统之间会有所不同。总之，两个系统下基因型和性状的正向相互作用表明，某些性状（即穗/米的数量）⁻²，SPAD读数，归一化差异植物生长指数（NDVI），抽穗天数，1000粒重和籽粒充实持续时间）对特定系统的基因型适应有效。根据这些发现，农作物生产季节降水的分布方式是影响旱作小麦生产力成功的主要决定因素之一。小麦的基因型也与不同的耕作系统有显着的相互作用，这意味着需要对耕作系统和环境进行特定的适应。