This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M₂₃C₆, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M₂₃C₆ carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M₂₃C₆ precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr-1W-0.06Ta steel by ∼20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.

这篇综述总结了还原活化铁素体/马氏体（RAFM）钢的强化机理。高角度晶界，亚晶界，纳米级M ₂₃ C ₆和MX碳化物沉淀有效地阻碍了位错运动并提高了高温强度。M ₂₃ C ₆碳化物在高温下容易粗化，从而削弱了它们阻止位错的能力。通过减少M ₂₃ C ₆碳化物可改善蠕变性能。因此，必须通过其他加强机制来补偿强度的损失。这篇综述还概述了RAFM钢发展的最新进展。氧化物弥散强化钢可防止M通过降低C含量来增加蠕变寿命并引入高密度的纳米级氧化物沉淀物以抵消降低的强度，从而形成₂₃ C ₆沉淀。严重的塑性变形方法可以充分细化钢中的亚晶粒和MX碳化物。RAFM钢的热变形强化主要依靠热机械处理来增加MX碳化物和亚晶界。与F82H和Eurofer 97钢在550°C / 260 MPa的条件下相比，此程序将TMT（热机械处理）9Cr-1W-0.06Ta钢的蠕变寿命提高了约20倍。