The Andean uplift is recognized as one of the most important events shaping the Neotropical biota. Previous phylogenetic reconstructions of Nasa, a mostly tropical Andean genus, have been unable to address its historical biogeography or ancestral character estimations in detail due to insufficient sampling and phylogenetic resolution. The main goal of the present study is to provide an expanded and highly resolved phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus to address these questions. We were able to sequence 87 of the 125 taxa (species and subspecies) of Nasa, for the plastid markers trnL–trnF, matK, trnS–trnG and rps16. Our results show that Nasa falls into four well-supported clades, clade I is sister to the rest of the genus and is composed of Central Andean species. The remaining three clades are more widely distributed, found also in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone (AHZ) and the northern Andes. Our morphological analyses were able to identify plausible phylogenetic affinities of most Nasa spp. for which molecular data are unavailable, with three of the morphological clusters composed mostly by species of three well-supported clades (Clades II, III and IV). Historical biogeography indicates that Nasa has a history spanning 50 Myr, its early events predating most of the Andean uplift. Nasa appears to have originally occupied mid-elevation, seasonally dry habitats. By the mid-Miocene (c. 15 Mya) expansion into new forest edge and undergrowth habitats took place. This coincides with renewed uplift that increased the complexity of the abiotic conditions in the Andes. The AHZ is retrieved as the most important centre of diversification since the closure of the West Andean Portal and appears to be a cradle of clades of Nasa. Conversely, the central Andes, the most likely area of origin of the genus, house mostly ancient, species-poor clades.

中文翻译：

---

新热带属 Nasa（Loasaceae 亚科 Loasoideae）的形态、生态和地理演化

安第斯隆起被认为是塑造新热带生物群的最重要事件之一。由于采样和系统发育分辨率不足，NASA（主要是热带安第斯属）以前的系统发育重建无法详细解决其历史生物地理学或祖先特征估计。本研究的主要目标是提供该属的扩展和高度解决的系统发育重建以解决这些问题。对于质体标记 trnL-trnF、matK、trnS-trnG 和 rps16，我们能够对 Nasa 的 125 个分类群（物种和亚种）中的 87 个进行测序。我们的研究结果表明，美国宇航局分为四个得到良好支持的进化枝，进化枝 I 是其余属的姐妹，由安第斯中部物种组成。其余三个进化枝分布更广，在 Aomotape-Huancabamba 区 (AHZ) 和安第斯山脉北部也有发现。我们的形态学分析能够确定大多数 Nasa spp 的合理系统发育亲缘关系。其中分子数据不可用，其中三个形态簇主要由三个支持良好的进化枝（进化枝 II、III 和 IV）的物种组成。历史生物地理学表明，美国宇航局的历史跨越 50 Myr，其早期事件早于大部分安第斯隆起。美国国家航空航天局似乎最初占据了中海拔、季节性干燥的栖息地。到中新世中期（约 15 Mya），扩展到新的森林边缘和灌木丛生境。这恰逢重新隆起，增加了安第斯山脉非生物条件的复杂性。自西安第斯门户关闭以来，AHZ 被认为是最重要的多元化中心，并且似乎是美国宇航局分支的摇篮。相反，安第斯山脉中部，最有可能是该属的起源地区，主要是古老的、物种贫乏的进化枝。