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Thermocouple Temperature Measurements in Metalized Explosive Fireballs
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-09 , DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000328 David L. Frost 1 , John‐Mark Clemenson 2 , Samuel Goroshin 1 , Fan Zhang 3 , Michael Soo 2
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-09 , DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000328 David L. Frost 1 , John‐Mark Clemenson 2 , Samuel Goroshin 1 , Fan Zhang 3 , Michael Soo 2
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The detonation of a metalized explosive generates a fireball that has a spatially non-uniform distribution of particle concentration and gas temperature. The transient gas temperature field must be probed with ruggedized spatially- and temporally-resolved diagnostics. The use of in-situ thermocouples for temperature measurements within multiphase fireballs is demonstrated. Although the thermocouple temperature lags behind the local gas temperature, the transient gas temperature is assessed by modeling the sensor assuming first-order response and using two analysis methods: (1) when the thermocouple temperature trace reaches a local extrema, the thermocouple temperature is instantaneously equal to the local gas temperature, and (2) reconstructing the gas temperature trace using multiple co-located thermocouples of different lag responses. The temperature history within the fireball at various distances is presented for charges consisting of packed beds of particles saturated with liquid nitromethane. The results for reactive particles (Al, Ti, Zr) are compared with non-reactive particles (Fe), as well as homogeneous NM charges. For NM charges, a maximum gas temperature of about 1100 K occurs at times on the order of 100’s of milliseconds, less than the temperature of the burning soot in the fireball (∼1900 K). With Al particles, the gas temperature is spatially non-uniform due to particle jetting and non-uniform particle combustion, but gas temperatures up to about 1800 K are recorded for times up to 0.5 s, less than the temperature of the burning particles (∼2700 K). Inert particles act as a heat sink and the thermocouple temperatures recorded did not exceed 400 K.
中文翻译：
金属化爆炸火球中的热电偶温度测量
金属化炸药的爆炸会产生一个火球，该火球的粒子浓度和气体温度在空间上分布不均匀。瞬态气体温度场必须通过坚固的空间和时间分辨诊断进行探测。演示了使用原位热电偶测量多相火球内的温度。尽管热电偶温度滞后于局部气体温度，但通过假设一阶响应并使用两种分析方法对传感器建模来评估瞬态气体温度：(1) 当热电偶温度迹线达到局部极值时，热电偶温度瞬间变为等于当地气体温度，以及 (2) 使用不同滞后响应的多个位于同一位置的热电偶重建气体温度轨迹。对于由液体硝基甲烷饱和的颗粒填充床组成的电荷，呈现了不同距离的火球内的温度历史。将反应性粒子（Al、Ti、Zr）的结果与非反应性粒子（Fe）以及均质 NM 电荷进行比较。对于 NM 电荷，最高气体温度约为 1100 K，有时发生在 100 毫秒的数量级，低于火球中燃烧烟尘的温度 (~1900 K)。对于 Al 颗粒，由于颗粒喷射和不均匀的颗粒燃烧，气体温度在空间上是不均匀的，但记录的气体温度高达约 1800 K，时间长达 0.5 秒，低于燃烧颗粒的温度（~ 2700 K）。惰性颗粒充当散热器，记录的热电偶温度不超过 400 K。
更新日期：2021-03-09
中文翻译：
金属化爆炸火球中的热电偶温度测量
金属化炸药的爆炸会产生一个火球，该火球的粒子浓度和气体温度在空间上分布不均匀。瞬态气体温度场必须通过坚固的空间和时间分辨诊断进行探测。演示了使用原位热电偶测量多相火球内的温度。尽管热电偶温度滞后于局部气体温度，但通过假设一阶响应并使用两种分析方法对传感器建模来评估瞬态气体温度：(1) 当热电偶温度迹线达到局部极值时，热电偶温度瞬间变为等于当地气体温度，以及 (2) 使用不同滞后响应的多个位于同一位置的热电偶重建气体温度轨迹。对于由液体硝基甲烷饱和的颗粒填充床组成的电荷，呈现了不同距离的火球内的温度历史。将反应性粒子（Al、Ti、Zr）的结果与非反应性粒子（Fe）以及均质 NM 电荷进行比较。对于 NM 电荷，最高气体温度约为 1100 K，有时发生在 100 毫秒的数量级，低于火球中燃烧烟尘的温度 (~1900 K)。对于 Al 颗粒，由于颗粒喷射和不均匀的颗粒燃烧，气体温度在空间上是不均匀的，但记录的气体温度高达约 1800 K，时间长达 0.5 秒，低于燃烧颗粒的温度（~ 2700 K）。惰性颗粒充当散热器，记录的热电偶温度不超过 400 K。
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