The current study investigated across five eye-tracking experiments children’s developing skill of adopting others’ referential perspective (Level 1 perspective taking) and to what extent it involves automatic processes or requires ostensive communicative cues. Three age groups (8-, 14-, and 36-month-olds) were tested on their expectation of an object appearing behind one of two peripheral occluders. A centrally presented person in profile either provided an ostensive communicative pointing cue or sat still, oriented to one of the two occluders. The 14-month-olds anticipated the hidden object when the onlooker had communicatively pointed to the location, as revealed by faster target detection in congruent trials (latency effect) and longer dwell times to the empty side in incongruent trials (violation-of-expectation effect). This was not the case when a still person was only oriented to one side. Adding emotional expressions to the still person (Experiment 2) did not help to produce the effects. However, at 36 months of age (Experiment 3), children showed both effects for the still person. The 8-month-olds did not show the violation-of-expectation effect for communicative pointing (Experiment 4) or for a matched abbreviated reach (Experiment 5b), showing it only for a complete reach behind the occluder (Experiment 5a), although they were faster to detect the congruent object in Experiment 4 and 5a. Findings reveal that automatic perspective taking develops after communicative perspective taking and that communicative perspective taking is a developmental outcome of the first year of life. The developmental pattern suggests a continuous social construction process of perspective-taking skills.

目前的研究调查了五项眼动追踪实验，调查了儿童采用他人参考视角（1 级视角）的发展技能，以及它在多大程度上涉及自动过程或需要明示交流线索。测试了三个年龄组（8 个月、14 个月和 36 个月大）对物体出现在两个外围封堵器之一后面的预期。一个集中呈现在侧面的人要么提供一个明示的交流指向提示，要么静静地坐着，面向两个封堵器中的一个。14 个月大的孩子在旁观者以交流方式指向该位置时就预料到了隐藏的物体，如一致试验中更快的目标检测（延迟效应）和不一致试验中较长的空侧停留时间（违反预期）所揭示的影响）。当静止的人只面向一侧时，情况并非如此。给静止的人添加情感表达（实验 2）并没有帮助产生效果。然而，在 36 个月大时（实验 3），儿童对静止者表现出两种影响。8 个月大的孩子没有表现出对交流指向（实验 4）或匹配的短距离（实验 5b）的违反预期效应，仅显示它在封堵器后面的完全伸展（实验 5a），尽管在实验 4 和 5a 中，他们更快地检测到全等对象。研究结果表明，自动观点采纳是在交流观点采纳之后发展的，而交流观点采纳是生命第一年的发展结果。