This work focuses on the analysis of pilots’ performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.

这项工作的重点是分析飞行员在不同训练阶段的手动操作过程中的表现及其对注视策略的影响。空中交通的安全保障在很大程度上取决于飞行员的个人表现。在成为飞行员之前，他/她必须通过培训来掌握所有必要的资格和许可标准，从而掌握广泛的技能。每个飞行员的基本技能是手动控制操作，这是具有多个交叉耦合变量的闭环控制过程。即使在驾驶舱中增加了自动化程度，手动控制操作对于每个飞行员在自动化失败的情况下也是必不可少的。手动飞行操作分析中的一个关键要素是与性能和视觉感知有关的随时间的发展。在波音737模拟器中进行了28名参与者（包括11名经过认证的飞行员）的实验。对于定义的飞行阶段，使用动态时间规整方法评估所选标准的性能，并使用眼动追踪方法分析注视模式的发展。工作量和个人经验的操纵会同时影响性能和注视模式。研究结果表明，工作量的增加对飞行员的影响取决于飞行阶段。来自经验丰富的飞行员的注视模式可以洞悉新手和专家的培训要求。工作负载，性能和注视模式之间的联系非常复杂，需要在许多不同条件下进行分析。