Cognitive systems face a tension between stability and plasticity. The maintenance of long‐term representations that reflect the global regularities of the environment is often at odds with pressure to flexibly adjust to short‐term input regularities that may deviate from the norm. This tension is abundantly clear in speech communication when talkers with accents or dialects produce input that deviates from a listener's language community norms. Prior research demonstrates that when bottom‐up acoustic information or top‐down word knowledge is available to disambiguate speech input, there is short‐term adaptive plasticity such that subsequent speech perception is shifted even in the absence of the disambiguating information. Although such effects are well‐documented, it is not yet known whether bottom‐up and top‐down resolution of ambiguity may operate through common processes, or how these information sources may interact in guiding the adaptive plasticity of speech perception. The present study investigates the joint contributions of bottom‐up information from the acoustic signal and top‐down information from lexical knowledge in the adaptive plasticity of speech categorization according to short‐term input regularities. The results implicate speech category activation, whether from top‐down or bottom‐up sources, in driving rapid adjustment of listeners' reliance on acoustic dimensions in speech categorization. Broadly, this pattern of perception is consistent with dynamic mapping of input to category representations that is flexibly tuned according to interactive processing accommodating both lexical knowledge and idiosyncrasies of the acoustic input.

中文翻译：

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语音感知调整中的学习信号：自下而上与自上而下的信息

认知系统面临稳定性和可塑性之间的紧张关系。维持反映全球环境规律的长期表征往往与灵活调整可能偏离常态的短期投入规律的压力相矛盾。当带有口音或方言的谈话者产生偏离听众语言社区规范的输入时，这种紧张在语音交流中非常明显。先前的研究表明，当自下而上的声学信息或自上而下的单词知识可用于消除语音输入的歧义时，存在短期自适应可塑性，即使没有消除歧义的信息，随后的语音感知也会发生变化。虽然这些影响有据可查，目前尚不清楚自下而上和自上而下的歧义解决是否可以通过共同过程进行操作，或者这些信息源如何相互作用以指导语音感知的自适应可塑性。本研究根据短期输入规律研究了来自声学信号的自下而上的信息和来自词汇知识的自上而下的信息在语音分类的自适应可塑性中的共同贡献。结果表明，无论是来自自上而下还是自下而上的源，语音类别激活都在推动听众对语音分类中声学维度依赖的快速调整。宽广地，