The origin of illicit economies has been understood as a consequence of ‘low stateness’ (i.e. low reach of the state). Given the limited stateness in many regions, however, this article seeks to explain how only some sub-national territories have become vulnerable to illegal drug trafficking. To make this case, the representative example of the Alto Huallaga valley, in the Peruvian Amazon, is analysed. This article argues that ineffective development and settlement efforts by the Peruvian state in the Alto Huallaga, rather than the absence of the state, produced socio-ecological conditions in the region, in the late 1970s, that made it more vulnerable to the illegal economy. At the same time as international demand for illegal cocaine was expanding, two conditions resulting from frustrated state development plans came together: an enclave of poor peasants who were not self-sufficient and a natural environment impoverished by soil degradation and intensive deforestation, paradoxically not suitable for any crop except coca.

中文翻译：

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国家的发展主义幻想和秘鲁上瓦拉加河谷非法古柯种植的起源（1960-80）

非法经济的起源被理解为“低国家性”（即国家的低范围）的结果。然而，鉴于许多地区的国家有限，本文试图解释为何只有一些次国家领土容易受到非法毒品贩运的影响。为了说明这一点，我们分析了秘鲁亚马逊地区 Alto Huallaga 山谷的代表性例子。本文认为，在 1970 年代后期，秘鲁国家在 Alto Huallaga 的低效开发和定居努力，而不是国家的缺席，在该地区产生了社会生态条件，使其更容易受到非法经济的影响。在国际对非法可卡因的需求不断扩大的同时，国家发展计划受挫导致的两种情况同时出现：