Prebiotics can be synthesized from sources other than dietary fibers, such as proteins. The proteins, when processed into peptides have healthful or deleterious effects on the host. Outside living systems, prebiotic peptides (PP) are formed via preformation of amino acids or related monomeric building blocks, resulting in nonenzymatic polymerization/ligation to produce peptides. Whereas, inside living systems like the human gut, many metabolic pathways are involved in PP production, and mostly involve host–microbiota interactions. The interplay is responsible for PP activities and their implications on host amino acid balance and metabolism. Similar to carbohydrates fermentation, PP will yield short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but also branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), phenols, indole, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and ammonia, capable of biologically mediating molecular signals. This holistic review considers a brief description of prebiotics, and tracks down prebiotic peptides formation processes, interactions with gut microbes, and health outcomes.

中文翻译：

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益生元肽、它们的形成、肠道发酵和健康影响

益生元可以从膳食纤维以外的来源合成，例如蛋白质。这些蛋白质在加工成肽时对宿主有健康或有害的影响。在生命系统之外，益生元肽 (PP) 是通过氨基酸或相关单体构件的预形成形成的，导致非酶聚合/连接产生肽。然而，在人体肠道等生命系统内部，许多代谢途径都参与了 PP 的产生，并且主要涉及宿主-微生物群的相互作用。这种相互作用是造成 PP 活性及其对宿主氨基酸平衡和代谢的影响的原因。与碳水化合物发酵类似，PP 会产生短链脂肪酸 (SCFA)，但也会产生支链脂肪酸 (BCFA)、酚、吲哚、硫化氢、胺和氨，能够在生物学上介导分子信号。这篇全面的综述考虑了益生元的简要描述，并追踪了益生元肽的形成过程、与肠道微生物的相互作用以及健康结果。