Self-consistent methods for the structure of heavy and superheavy nuclei are reviewed. The construction and application of energy-density functionals are discussed. The relationship between the self-consistent methods and microscopic-macroscopic approaches is considered on the mean-field level. The extraction of single-particle potentials from the energy-density functional is described. The isotopic dependence of nucleon distributions and its influence on the nucleus–nucleus interaction is analyzed. As a new additional condition we introduce that the energy-density functional must describe the heights of the Coulomb barriers in nucleus–nucleus interaction potentials, thus imposing constraints on the properties of the functional at low matter densities. The self-consistent methods are applied to describe the quasiparticle structure, cluster radioactivity, and fission of the heaviest nuclei. These methods are used to predict the probabilities of \(\beta \)-delayed multi-neutron emission and half-lives of \(\beta \)-decays and electron captures in heavy and superheavy nuclei. The predicted properties of superheavy nuclei are used to estimate the production cross-sections of superheavy nuclei in complete fusion reactions.

综述了重，超重核结构的自洽方法。讨论了能量密度泛函的构建和应用。自洽方法和微观-宏观方法之间的关系被认为是在平均场水平上。描述了从能量密度函数中提取单粒子电势。分析了核子分布的同位素依赖性及其对核-核相互作用的影响。作为一个新的附加条件，我们介绍了能量密度泛函必须描述核-核相互作用势中库仑势垒的高度，从而在低物质密度下对泛函的性质施加约束。自洽方法被用来描述准粒子的结构，簇放射性和最重核的裂变。这些方法用于预测\（\ beta \）-延迟的多中子发射和\（\ beta \）的半衰期-在重核和超重核中衰减并捕获电子。超重核的预测性质用于估计完全融合反应中超重核的生产截面。