Fundamental scientific objectives concerning the surface and subsurface material and dynamics of the Moon are the drivers for the use and advancement of penetrators, which emplace a suite of scientific instruments by impact into a planetary surface, typically at velocities of dozens to hundreds of meters per second. Small lunar penetrators are poised to become a valuable new tool for lunar science and exploration during the next decade. These low-cost ballistic probes can be deployed in large numbers from orbit, or from descending robotic or crewed vehicles, in order to explore and characterize the diversity of extreme lunar shallow subsurface environments. In this paper, we describe the general overview of penetrator objectives, potential instrumentation, and how these would benefit the advancement of lunar science at various extreme environments.

有关月球表面和地下物质以及动力学的基本科学目标是穿透器使用和发展的驱动力，这些穿透器通过冲击行星表面来放置一系列科学仪器，速度通常为每秒几十米至数百米。小型探月器有望在未来十年内成为有价值的月球科学和探索新工具。这些低成本的弹道探测器可以从轨道，下降的机器人或乘员飞行器中大量部署，以探索和表征极端月球浅层地下环境的多样性。在本文中，我们描述了穿透器目标，潜在仪器以及在各种极端环境下如何有益于月球科学发展的概述。