ABSTRACT

The production effect is the memory advantage for items studied aloud over items studied silently. Three experiments examined the influence of (1) the distinctiveness heuristic in a pure-list paradigm and (2) statistical distinctiveness during study. Aloud versus silent processing was manipulated within-subject in a mixed-list procedure and additional pure-list items were alternated with the to-be-remembered words. This arrangement permitted the first examination of the production effect using both within-subject and between-subjects manipulations in the same experiment. The quite large between-subjects production effect observed for the pure-list words is attributed to the distinctiveness of the aloud words being enhanced by the co-occurring within-subject manipulation. In addition, when the pure-list words were all read aloud, they effectively increased the overall proportion of aloud words, thereby decreasing the distinctiveness of the to-be-remembered aloud words in the mixed list. Correspondingly, there was a decrease in the magnitude of the production effect. However, when the pure-list words were all read silently, the magnitude of the production effect was unchanged relative to baseline. These results provide partial support for the influence of statistical distinctiveness on the magnitude of the production effect.

摘要

生产效应是大声学习的项目比静默学习的项目的记忆优势。三个实验检查了（1）纯列表范式中的独特性启发式和（2）研究期间的统计独特性的影响。在混合列表程序中，在主题内操纵大声与无声处理，并且附加的纯列表项目与要记住的单词交替。这种安排允许在同一实验中使用受试者内和受试者间操作对生产效果进行第一次检查。对于纯列表单词观察到的相当大的主体间产生效应归因于大声单词的独特性通过共同发生的主体内操作增强。另外，当纯单字全部朗读时，它们有效地提高了有声词的整体比例，从而降低了混合列表中待记忆的有声词的显着性。相应地，生产效应的幅度有所下降。然而，当纯列表词全部默读时，生产效应的大小相对于基线没有变化。这些结果为统计独特性对生产效应大小的影响提供了部分支持。