Urban crowdsourcing is a new form of open innovation that aims to develop smart cities. Due to the heterogeneity of partners in urban planning, knowing the type of knowledge gained from each stakeholder at each stage of the crowdsourcing process needs to be understood for effective collaborations and innovative knowledge flow activation. Using a qualitative approach with experts involved in the Casablanca Smart City project, this research investigates complex multi-stakeholder ecosystems. More specifically, this study identifies and examines the role of external stakeholders at each stage of the innovation process, and the resulting dynamic knowledge flows that help improve the process of urban crowdsourcing in the development of smart city solutions. Depending on the complexity of the innovation project, findings identify three primary stakeholders (citizens, public authorities, and private and public firms) and three secondary stakeholders (NGOs, universities, consulting companies). Results show at which of the four steps of urban crowdsourcing they intervene. Furthermore, the findings reveal a dynamic learning environment composed of two knowledge flows (“learning with” and “learning from” stakeholders).

城市众包是一种旨在发展智慧城市的开放式创新的新形式。由于合作伙伴在城市规划中的异​​质性，因此需要了解在众包过程的每个阶段从每个利益相关者那里获得的知识类型，以进行有效的协作和创新性的知识流激活。该研究采用定性方法，与参与卡萨布兰卡智慧城市项目的专家合作，研究了复杂的多方利益相关者生态系统。更具体地说，本研究确定并检查了外部利益相关者在创新过程的每个阶段中的作用，以及由此产生的动态知识流，这些知识流有助于改善智能城市解决方案开发中的城市众包过程。根据创新项目的复杂程度，调查结果确定了三个主要利益相关者（公民，公共当局以及私人和公共公司）和三个次要利益相关者（非政府组织，大学，咨询公司）。结果表明，他们干预了城市众包的四个步骤中的哪一个。此外，调查结果揭示了一个动态的学习环境，该学习环境由两个知识流（“向利益相关者学习”和“向利益相关者学习”）组成。