Almost forty years ago, Robert Kohler introduced his From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline with this definition: “Disciplines are political institutions that demarcate areas of academic territory, allocate the privileges and responsibilities of expertise, and structure claims on resources. They are the infrastructure of science, embodied in university departments, professional societies, and informal market relationships between the producers and consumers of knowledge.”¹ Although readers of Michel Foucault have directed our attention more fundamentally toward regarding disciplines as mechanisms of power, many historians of science seem simply to accept the history of science’s division into a range of more compact disciplinary categories as a commonsensical way to help organize it as a field of study. Note, for example, how many of the organizational headings in the Isis Cumulative Bibliography refer to specific scientific disciplines.

中文翻译：

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物理学阶段：十九世纪漫长的学科建设

大约四十年前，罗伯特·科勒（Robert Kohler）提出了他的《从医学化学到生物化学：生物医学学科的建立》，其定义是：“学科是划定学术领域，分配专业知识的特权和职责以及构造对资源的要求的政治机构。 。它们是科学的基础结构，体现在大学部门，专业协会以及知识的生产者和消费者之间的非正式市场关系中。” ^1个尽管米歇尔·福柯的读者将我们的注意力从根本上转移到了将学科视为力量机制上，但许多科学史学家似乎只是接受将科学划分为一系列更紧凑的学科类别的历史，以此作为将其组织为一种常识的常识性方法。研究领域。请注意，例如，Isis累积书目中有多少组织标题是指特定的科学学科。