We have seen massive global behavioral change as billions of people radically altered their ways of life in response to COVID-19. Here, we review how research on conformity and deviance can inform understanding of and effective responses to the pandemic. Group identities are critical for understanding who is influenced by whom, as well as how partisan divisions can obstruct cohesive and coordinated action. We identify several questions highlighted by the pandemic, including when people will react more harshly to ingroup members who violate health-protective norms (black sheep effect) or to outgroup members violating the same norms (intergroup hypocrisy). As a working hypothesis, we propose a goal-based approach, positing that differentially negative reactions to ingroup and outgroup deviants are likely influenced by the relative salience of goals to protect ingroup image, enforce group norms, maintain intergroup boundaries, and seek justice for potential victims put at risk by norm-violating behavior.

随着数十亿人从根本上改变了生活方式，以应对COVID-19，我们已经看到了巨大的全球行为改变。在这里，我们回顾了关于一致性和偏差的研究如何可以帮助人们理解和有效应对这种流行病。团体身份对于了解谁受谁影响以及党派分裂如何阻碍凝聚力和协调行动至关重要。我们确定了大流行病突出的几个问题，包括人们何时会对违反健康保护规范的集团成员做出更严厉的反应（败类效应），或者对违反相同规范的集团成员做出更严厉的反应（集团间伪善）。作为可行的假设，我们提出了一种基于目标的方法，