Functional brain networks require dynamic reconfiguration to support flexible cognitive function. However, the developmental principles shaping brain network dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we report the longitudinal development of large-scale brain network dynamics during childhood and adolescence, and its connection with gene expression profiles. Using a multilayer network model, we show the temporally varying modular architecture of child brain networks, with higher network switching primarily in the association cortex and lower switching in the primary regions. This topographical profile exhibits progressive maturation, which manifests as reduced modular dynamics, particularly in the transmodal (e.g., default-mode and frontoparietal) and sensorimotor regions. These developmental refinements mediate age-related enhancements of global network segregation and are linked with the expression profiles of genes associated with the enrichment of ion transport and nucleobase-containing compound transport. These results highlight a progressive stabilization of brain dynamics, which expand our understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie cognitive development.

中文翻译：

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童年和青春期的大脑网络动力学的稳定与基因表达相关。

功能性大脑网络需要动态重新配置以支持灵活的认知功能。但是，形成大脑网络动力学的发展原理仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们报告了在童年和青春期大规模脑网络动力学的纵向发展及其与基因表达谱的关系。使用多层网络模型，我们显示了儿童大脑网络的时变模块架构，其中较高的网络交换主要在关联皮层中，而较低的交换在主要区域中。该地形图表现出逐渐成熟，这表现为降低的模块动力学，特别是在跨峰（例如，默认模式和额顶）和感觉运动区域。这些发展的改进介导了与年龄有关的全球网络隔离的增强，并与与离子转运和含核碱基化合物转运的富集相关的基因的表达谱相关。这些结果突出了大脑动力学的逐步稳定，这扩大了我们对构成认知发展基础的神经机制的理解。