The present paper analyzes the convergence in economic and social terms across Brazilian states from 1990 to 2010. We argue that a more ample perspective is enlightening because income convergence does not necessarily go hand in hand with social convergence and income is not the only relevant aspect of well-being. Social convergence is captured by selected indicators, such as years of study, life expectancy at birth and the absence of crime. Using OLS, fixed effects and spatial dependence models, we find that GDP per capita has the highest dispersion across states and its absolute convergence is relatively slow. Social conditions, in contrast, have become considerably more equal and seem to converge towards a unique steady state at half-lives between 8 and 12 years. Absence of crime shows a peculiar behavior and a non-linear inconclusive convergence path.

本文分析了1990年至2010年巴西各州在经济和社会术语上的趋同。我们认为，更广阔的视野很有启发性，因为收入趋同不一定与社会趋同齐头并进，而收入并非唯一的相关方面。福利。选定的指标可以反映出社会融合，例如学习年限，出生时的预期寿命和没有犯罪。使用OLS，固定效应和空间依赖模型，我们发现人均GDP在各州之间的分散度最高，其绝对收敛速度相对较慢。相反，社会条件已经变得更加平等，并且似乎在8到12年的半衰期之间趋向于一个独特的稳定状态。