Ontogeny and sex differences in object manipulation and probe tool use by wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus),American Journal of Primatology

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Ontogeny and sex differences in object manipulation and probe tool use by wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-05 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23251
Tiago Falótico _{1,

2,

3} , Carolina Q Bueno ₁ , Eduardo B Ottoni ₁

Affiliation

Tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) are the only Neotropical Primates that regularly use tools in the wild, but only one population of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) is known to habitually use sticks as probes. In this population, males are typically the only sex to use stick tools, something unexpected, since there are no obvious physical constraints, and females do use stone tools in the wild and sticks in experimental conditions. We investigated the development of probe tool use in eight infants to clarify whether social influences on learning varied between the sexes, as tool use learning by capuchin monkeys is a socially biased process. We found that in the first 10 months of age, females manipulate sticks as much as males, but after 10–12 months of age, males begin to manipulate them at higher frequencies. We examined if social connections—as opportunities for social learning—could explain this difference and verified that, on close distance social networks, infant males and females have similar connections with older males. However, males observe probe tool use events more often than females when close to such events. The higher frequency of manipulation of sticks, as well as the higher rates of probe tool use observation, appear to be the key to understand why only males are probe tool users in this population. Since there are only male potential models of probe use, a sex motivational bias could explain the sex difference in observation; a bias in observation could explain the differences in manipulation—and manipulation rates would certainly influence the chances of individual, trial‐and‐error learning (a case of “local/stimulus enhancement”).

中文翻译：

野生簇绒卷尾猴 (Sapajus libidinosus) 在对象操作和探测工具使用方面的个体发育和性别差异

簇绒卷尾猴 ( Sapajus spp.) 是唯一经常在野外使用工具的新热带灵长类动物，但只有一种长须卷尾猴 ( Sapajus libidinosus) 习惯性地使用棍棒作为探针。在这个群体中，男性通常是唯一使用棍棒工具的性别，这是出乎意料的，因为没有明显的身体限制，而女性确实在野外使用石器，在实验条件下使用棍棒。我们调查了 8 名婴儿使用探针工具的发展情况，以阐明社会对学习的影响是否因性别而异，因为卷尾猴学习工具使用是一个有社会偏见的过程。我们发现，在 10 个月大时，雌性与雄性一样多地操纵棍子，但在 10-12 个月大之后，雄性开始以更高的频率操纵它们。我们研究了社会关系——作为社会学习的机会——是否可以解释这种差异，并证实，在近距离的社交网络上，婴儿男性和女性与年长男性有相似的联系。但是，在接近此类事件时，男性会比女性更频繁地观察探测工具使用事件。更高频率的操纵杆操作以及更高的探测工具使用观察率似乎是理解为什么在这个人群中只有男性是探测工具用户的关键。由于只有男性潜在的探针使用模型，性别动机偏见可以解释观察中的性别差异；观察中的偏差可以解释操纵的差异——操纵率肯定会影响个体试错学习的机会（“局部/刺激增强”的案例）。更高频率的操纵杆操作以及更高的探测工具使用观察率似乎是理解为什么在这个人群中只有男性是探测工具用户的关键。由于只有男性潜在的探针使用模型，性别动机偏见可以解释观察中的性别差异；观察中的偏差可以解释操纵的差异——操纵率肯定会影响个体试错学习的机会（“局部/刺激增强”的案例）。更高频率的操纵杆操作以及更高的探测工具使用观察率似乎是理解为什么在这个人群中只有男性是探测工具用户的关键。由于只有男性潜在的探针使用模型，性别动机偏见可以解释观察中的性别差异；观察中的偏差可以解释操纵的差异——操纵率肯定会影响个体试错学习的机会（“局部/刺激增强”的案例）。

更新日期：2021-04-29

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