Wastewater treatment consists of three or four sequential stages: preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each stage can comprise multiple alternative technologies that can perform the same tasks with different efficiencies, operating times, and costs. Thus, we propose a systematic approach for designing wastewater treatment networks by utilizing principles of mathematical modeling and generating an exhaustive enumeration of all the possible technologies and their connections during the early stages of designing a treatment facility. Some of these structures are nonintuitive and include recycling, reprocessing, bypasses, and multiple technologies in parallel or series to remove the same contaminant. The nonintuitive structures with multiple technologies may provide a measure of resilience compared to typical heuristic designs. Thus, the combination of P-graph methodology and the sequence of treatment technologies predicted via the optimization algorithm from the maximal structure is based on holistic considerations and does not lead to suboptimal solutions.

中文翻译：

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污水处理网络系统综合的P图方法

废水处理包括三个或四个连续阶段：初级、初级、二级和三级。每个阶段都可以包含多种替代技术，这些技术可以以不同的效率、运行时间和成本执行相同的任务。因此，我们提出了一种设计废水处理网络的系统方法，它利用数学建模原理，并在设计处理设施的早期阶段对所有可能的技术及其连接进行详尽的列举。其中一些结构是不直观的，包括回收、再处理、旁路以及并行或串联的多种技术以去除相同的污染物。与典型的启发式设计相比，具有多种技术的非直观结构可以提供一种弹性度量。因此，