Purpose: Contribution of radiation doses from medical X-ray examination to collective dose is significant. Unusually, high doses may increase the risk of stochastic effects of radiations. Therefore, radiation dose assessment was performed in 241 digital X-ray examinations in the study and was compared with published dose reference levels (DRLs). Methods: Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated in chest PA, cervical AP/Lat, abdomen AP, lumbar AP/Lat and pelvis AP digital radiographic examinations (119 male and 122 female) following the International Atomic Energy Agency recommended protocol. Initially, 270 digital examinations were selected, reject analysis was performed and final 241 examinations were enrolled in the study for dose calculations. The exposure parameters and X-ray tube output were used for dose calculations. Effective doses were estimated with the help of conversion coefficients from ICRP 103. Results: Median ESAK (mGy) and associated effective doses obtained were cervical spine AP (1.30 mGy, 0.045 mSv), cervical spine Lat (0.25 mGy, 0.005 mSv), chest PA (0.11 mGy, 0.014 mSv), abdomen AP (0.90 mGy, 0.118 mSv), lumbar spine AP (1.52 mGy, 0.177 mSv), lumbar spine Lat (7.76 mGy, 0.209 mSv) and pelvis AP (0.82 mGy, 0.081 mSv). Results were compared with the studies of UK, Oman, India and Canada. Conclusion: The calculated ESAK and effective dose values were less than or close to previously published literature except for cervical spine AP and lumbar spine Lat. The results reinforce the need for radiation protection optimization, improving examination techniques and appropriate use of automatic exposure control in digital radiography. ESAK values reported in this study could further contribute to establishing local DRLs, regional DRLs and national DRLs.

中文翻译：

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数字射线照相检查中的入口表面空气 KERMA 估计

目的：医学 X 射线检查的辐射剂量对集体剂量的贡献是显着的。不同寻常的是，高剂量可能会增加辐射随机效应的风险。因此，在研究中对 241 次数字 X 射线检查进行了辐射剂量评估，并与公布的剂量参考水平 (DRL) 进行了比较。方法：按照国际原子能机构推荐的方案，在胸部 PA、颈椎 AP/Lat、腹部 AP、腰椎 AP/Lat 和骨盆 AP 数字放射检查（119 名男性和 122 名女性）中计算入口表面空气比释动能 (ESAK)。最初，选择了 270 次数字检查，进行了拒绝分析，最终 241 次检查被纳入研究以进行剂量计算。曝光参数和 X 射线管输出用于剂量计算。有效剂量是在 ICRP 103 的转换系数的帮助下估计的。结果：获得的中位 ESAK (mGy) 和相关的有效剂量是颈椎 AP（1.30 mGy，0.045 mSv），颈椎 Lat（0.25 mGy，0.005 mSv），胸部PA (0.11 mGy, 0.014 mSv), 腹部 AP (0.90 mGy, 0.118 mSv), 腰椎 AP (1.52 mGy, 0.177 mSv), 腰椎 Lat (7.76 mGy, 0.209 mSv) 和骨盆 AP (0.82 mGy, 0.081 mSv) . 结果与英国、阿曼、印度和加拿大的研究进行了比较。结论：除颈椎 AP 和腰椎 Lat 外，计算出的 ESAK 和有效剂量值均小于或接近于先前发表的文献。结果强调了对辐射防护优化、改进检查技术和在数字射线照相中适当使用自动曝光控制的需求。