Aims and objectives:

While previous research has shown that phonetic variation in language contact situations is affected by whether a word has a cognate in the contact language, this paper aims to show that such an effect is not monotonic. According to the usage-based model, items in memory are organized according to similarity, thus we anticipated that formally more similar cognates would show a stronger cognate effect.

Methodology:

This variationist sociophonetic study investigates the relationship between cognate similarity and phonetic realization. We examined this relationship in the bilingual community of Rivera, Uruguay, in which both Portuguese and Spanish are spoken with regularity. Specifically, we focused on intervocalic /d/, which in monolingual Spanish is realized as an approximant [ð̞] or phonetic zero, but in monolingual Brazilian Portuguese is produced as a stop [d] or, in most varieties, an affricate [ʤ] before [i].

Data and analysis:

We analyzed a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews of the Spanish spoken in Rivera. Acoustic measurements were taken from approximately 60 tokens each from 40 different speakers. Using a linear mixed-effects model, we examined the relationship between several predictors and the degree of constriction of intervocalic /d/.

Findings/conclusions:

While there is an overall frequency effect whereby more frequent words exhibit less constriction of intervocalic /d/, as both frequency and cognate similarity increase, less constriction of intervocalic /d/ obtains. Therefore, frequent cognates in Portuguese that have very similar forms affect the production of intervocalic /d/ more so than other cognates.

Originality:

No previous study has demonstrated that the cognate effect on phonetic variation in a situation of language contact is regulated by form similarity between cognate pairs.

Significance/implications:

The data support the usage-based model in that similar cognates have more lexical connections and can therefore show greater influence on phonetic realization than can cognates that share less phonetic material.

中文翻译：

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在Riverense西班牙语中的同源相似性和语音/ d /产生

目的和目标：

尽管以前的研究表明，单词接触语言中的同源性会影响语言接触情况中的语音变化，但本文旨在证明这种影响不是单调的。根据基于使用情况的模型，内存中的项目是根据相似性进行组织的，因此，我们预计形式上更多相似的同源词将显示出更强的同源效应。

方法：

这项变异主义的社会语音研究调查了同源相似性与语音实现之间的关系。我们在乌拉圭的里维拉双语社区中研究了这种关系，在该社区中，葡萄牙语和西班牙语都经常讲。具体来说，我们专注于语音/ d /，在单语西班牙语中该语音被实现为近似[ð̞]或在语音上为零，而在单语巴西葡萄牙语中，该语音被作为停止符[d]生成，或者在大多数变体中以单音[d]出现。于我之前]。

数据与分析：

我们分析了在里维拉（Rivera）所说的西班牙语的社会语言访谈的语料库。从大约40个不同说话者的大约60个令牌中进行声学测量。使用线性混合效应模型，我们检查了几个预测变量与语气/ d /收缩程度之间的关系。

结果/结论：

虽然存在总体频率效应，但随着频率和同源相似度的增加，更频繁的单词表现出较少的语气/ d /收缩，却获得较少的语气/ d /收缩。因此，葡萄牙语中频繁出现的具有非常相似形式的同源词比其他同源词对语气/ d /的影响更大。

独创性：

以前没有研究表明语言接触情况下对语音变化的同源效应是由同源对之间的形式相似性来调节的。

意义/含义：

数据支持基于使用情况的模型，因为相似的同源词具有更多的词汇联系，因此与共享较少语音材料的同源词相比，它们对语音实现的影响更大。