Conjugated small molecular electrolytes (CSMEs), based on carbazole, containing different number of N and F atoms, were synthesized and introduced as the electron transport layer (ETL) for the fabrication of the polymer solar cells. Active-layer materials of bulk heterojunction and synthesized CSMEs were mixed as one solution which was coated on ZnO/ITO in one go to provide the spontaneous phase separation of the active-layer and ETL, which is identified by ToF-SIMS, for the generation of enhanced device performance. Caused by the interaction of the amino groups with ZnO, assisted by the fluorine atoms of the CSMEs, the spontaneous formation of the ETL layer was achieved for the enhancement of the efficiency of the device.

The efficiency of polymer solar cells was improved as increasing the number of F atoms (from CzN₁ to CzN₁F₄ and from CzN₄ to CzN₄F₄). It was caused by the introduced F atom which could be led to the n-doping effect. The polymer solar cells utilizing one solution of CzN₁F₄ and PTB7-Th:PC₇₁BM showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.93%, with V_OC of 0.78 V, J_sc of 16.09 mA/cm² and FF of 0.72.

合成了基于咔唑的共轭小分子电解质（CSMEs），其中包含不同数量的N和F原子，并被引入作为电子传输层（ETL）来制造聚合物太阳能电池。将本体异质结的活性层材料和合成的CSME作为一种溶液混合，一次性涂布在ZnO / ITO上，以提供活性层和ETL的自发相分离，并通过ToF-SIMS进行鉴定，从而产生增强的设备性能。由于氨基与ZnO的相互作用以及CSMEs的氟原子的辅助作用，ETL层自发形成，从而提高了器件的效率。

聚合物太阳能电池的效率随着F原子数的增加（从CzN ₁到CzN ₁ F ₄以及从CzN ₄到CzN ₄ F ₄）而提高。这是由于引入的F原子引起的，可能导致n掺杂效应。利用中的一个溶液中的聚合物太阳能电池CZN ₁ ˚F ₄和PTB7钍：PC ₇₁ BM显示出8.93％的最高能量转换效率（PCE），与V _OC 0.78的V，Ĵ _SC 16.09毫安/厘米的²和FF为0.72。