Human utilization of natural resources acts as a main driver in altering the ecosystem service and functions. Apart from indirect influence, these human activities also tempt for the behavioral shift in insects especially in honey bees. The foraging behavior of honey bees from the natural floral resources to the man-made food sources eventually degrade the ecosystem’s services and cause declining of the honey bee population. Understanding this foraging behavior of bees could help in opting for viable conservation measures for honey bees. In order to understand the influence of human utilization of natural resources on the foraging behavior of bees and its negative impacts on the bee population, the study was carried out in the sites where humans collect palm sap. Palm sap collectors used different containers (mud pots and pet bottles) to collect the palm sap from Borassus flabellifer. The number of containers per tree, volume of palm sap per container/tree, bee visiting frequency, and bee mortality per container/tree were measured at different ecosystems. Palm saps were collected freshly and volatile compounds of samples were identified using FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The identified volatile compounds were used to study the interaction between volatile compounds and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of honey bees for understanding the foraging behavior of bees using in silico approach. Our results clearly showed that bee visitation frequency was directly correlated (0.94) with bee mortality in palm sap in different study sites. The average number of bee mortality was recorded as 491.2 ± 23.48 bees per container/tree/day. GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of 35 volatile compounds in collected palm sap from different study sites. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed for all 35 palm volatile compounds OBPs of honey bees to analyze their binding affinities. Docking studies showed that 1-methylbutylmandelate and 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4,4-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexan-2-ol have high binding affinity with OBP residues of bees. These volatile compounds might act as an attractant for bee populations for their foraging behavior. Based on this study, we conclude that human utilization of palm sap has created new ecological niches which highly alters the foraging behavior of bees and results in declining bee populations.

人类对自然资源的利用是改变生态系统服务和功能的主要动力。除了间接影响外，这些人类活动还诱使昆虫，尤其是蜜蜂改变行为。蜜蜂从天然花卉资源到人造食物来源的觅食行为最终会降低生态系统的服务水平，并导致蜜蜂数量下降。了解蜜蜂的这种觅食行为可能有助于选择可行的养蜂保护措施。为了了解人类利用自然资源对蜜蜂觅食行为的影响及其对蜜蜂种群的负面影响，在人类收集棕榈汁的场所进行了此项研究。紫菜在不同的生态系统中测量了每棵树的容器数量，每个容器/树的棕榈树液量，蜂的访视频率以及每个容器/树的蜜蜂死亡率。新鲜收集棕榈汁，并使用FT-IR和GC-MS分析鉴定样品中的挥发性化合物。鉴定出的挥发性化合物用于研究蜜蜂的挥发性化合物与气味结合蛋白（OBP）之间的相互作用，从而利用计算机模拟方法了解蜜蜂的觅食行为。我们的结果清楚地表明，在不同研究地点，蜂访视频率与棕榈树液中的蜜蜂死亡率直接相关（0.94）。每个容器/树/天的蜜蜂平均死亡记录为491.2±23.48蜜蜂。GC-MS分析表明，在不同研究地点收集的棕榈汁中存在35种挥发性化合物。此外，对蜜蜂的所有35种棕榈挥发性化合物OBP进行了分子对接研究，以分析它们的结合亲和力。对接研究表明，扁桃酸1-甲基丁基酯和6-（羟甲基）-1,4,4-三甲基双环[3.1.0]己-2-醇与蜜蜂的OBP残基具有很高的结合亲和力。这些挥发性化合物可能因其觅食行为而成为蜜蜂种群的引诱剂。根据这项研究，我们得出结论，人类利用棕榈树汁创造了新的生态位，从而极大地改变了蜜蜂的觅食行为，并导致蜜蜂种群的减少。对蜜蜂的所有35种棕榈挥发性化合物OBP进行了分子对接研究，以分析它们的结合亲和力。对接研究表明，扁桃酸1-甲基丁基酯和6-（羟甲基）-1,4,4-三甲基双环[3.1.0]己-2-醇与蜜蜂的OBP残基具有很高的结合亲和力。这些挥发性化合物可能因其觅食行为而成为蜜蜂种群的引诱剂。根据这项研究，我们得出结论，人类利用棕榈树汁创造了新的生态位，从而极大地改变了蜜蜂的觅食行为，并导致蜜蜂种群的减少。对蜜蜂的所有35种棕榈挥发性化合物OBP进行了分子对接研究，以分析它们的结合亲和力。对接研究表明，扁桃酸1-甲基丁基酯和6-（羟甲基）-1,4,4-三甲基双环[3.1.0]己-2-醇与蜜蜂的OBP残基具有很高的结合亲和力。这些挥发性化合物可能因其觅食行为而成为蜜蜂种群的引诱剂。根据这项研究，我们得出结论，人类利用棕榈树汁创造了新的生态位，从而极大地改变了蜜蜂的觅食行为，并导致蜜蜂种群的减少。这些挥发性化合物可能因其觅食行为而成为蜜蜂种群的引诱剂。根据这项研究，我们得出结论，人类利用棕榈树汁创造了新的生态位，从而极大地改变了蜜蜂的觅食行为，并导致蜜蜂种群的减少。这些挥发性化合物可能因其觅食行为而成为蜜蜂种群的引诱剂。根据这项研究，我们得出结论，人类利用棕榈树汁创造了新的生态位，从而极大地改变了蜜蜂的觅食行为，并导致蜜蜂种群的减少。