The human genome has an almost equal distribution of unique and transposable genetic elements. Although at the transcriptome level, a relatively higher contribution from transposable elements derived RNA has been reported. This is further highlighted with evidence from pervasive transcription. Of the total RNA, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are significant contributors to the transcriptome pool with sizeable fraction from repetitive elements of the human genome, inclusive of Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) and Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs). ncRNAs are increasingly being implicated in diverse functional roles especially during conditions of stress. These stress responses are driven through diverse mediators, inclusive of long and short ncRNAs. ncRNAs such as MALAT1, GAS5, miR-204 and miR-199a-5p have been functionally involved during oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Also, within SINEs, Alu RNAs derived from primate-specific Alu repeats with ~11% human genome contribution, playing a significant role. Pathogenic diseases, including the recent COVID-19, leads to differential regulation of ncRNAs. Although, limited evidence suggests the need for an inquest into the role of ncRNAs in determining the host response towards pathogen challenge.

中文翻译：

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非编码RNA：感染诱导的应激反应过程中的调节剂和可调节分子

人类基因组具有几乎相等的独特且可转座的遗传成分分布。尽管在转录组水平上，已经报道了来自转座因子衍生的RNA的相对较高的贡献。普遍转录的证据进一步突出了这一点。在总RNA中，非编码RNA（ncRNA）是转录组库的重要贡献者，其中很大一部分来自人类基因组的重复元件，包括长散布的核元件（LINEs）和短散布的核元件（SINEs）。ncRNA越来越多地牵涉到各种功能角色，尤其是在压力条件下。这些应激反应是通过多种介导因子驱动的，包括长和短的ncRNA。ncRNA，例如MALAT1，GAS5，miR-204和miR-199a-5p已在氧化应激，内质网（ER）应激和未折叠蛋白反应（UPR）的过程中起作用。同样，在SINE中，源自灵长类特异性Alu的Alu RNA重复，其人类基因组贡献约为11％，发挥着重要作用。致病性疾病（包括最近的COVID-19）导致ncRNA的差异调控。尽管有限的证据表明有必要调查ncRNA在确定宿主对病原体攻击的反应中的作用。