The effects of human disturbance represent one of the major threats for wildlife conservation. Many studies have shown that wildlife avoids or reduces direct contact with human activities through changes in activity patterns, and by minimizing spatiotemporal overlap. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of human presence on the temporal activity of medium-to-large mammals using two areas in Myanmar that differ in the intensity of human disturbance. We monitored temporal segregation mechanisms using camera trapping data and with two statistical approaches: daily activity overlaps between humans and wildlife and circular statistics. We did not find a significant difference in overlapping activity between areas but, thanks to circular statistics, we found that some species show changes in activity patterns, suggesting temporal avoidance. We observed that the daily activity of five species differed between areas of Myanmar, likely adopting mechanisms to reduce overlap in areas highly frequented by humans. Interestingly, these species are all threatened by hunting or poaching activities, four of which have been described in literature as “cathemeral”, or species that are active through day and night. This study suggests that some species adapt their behavior, at least partially, to avoid human presence in habitats with higher anthropic occurrence and increase our knowledge on the status of medium–large mammals in a poorly studied country as Myanmar.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰对缅甸热带森林中大型哺乳动物活动的评价

人为干扰的影响是野生动植物保护的主要威胁之一。许多研究表明，野生生物通过活动方式的改变以及使时空重叠最小化来避免或减少与人类活动的直接接触。在这项研究中，我们使用缅甸人为扰动强度不同的两个区域，调查了人类存在对中型至大型哺乳动物的时间活动的可能影响。我们使用相机诱捕数据和两种统计方法来监测时间隔离机制：人类与野生动植物之间的日常活动重叠以及循环统计。我们没有发现区域之间重叠活动的显着差异，但是由于有了循环统计，我们发现某些物种的活动模式有所变化，建议暂时避免。我们观察到，缅甸各地区五个物种的日常活动有所不同，可能采取了减少人类经常光顾的地区重叠的机制。有趣的是，这些物种都受到狩猎或偷猎活动的威胁，文献中有四个被描述为“ cathemeral”，或昼夜活跃的物种。这项研究表明，某些物种至少部分适应其行为，以避免人类出现在人类活动较多的栖息地中，并增加了我们对缅甸这一研究程度较低的国家中大型哺乳动物的状况的了解。这些物种都受到狩猎或偷猎活动的威胁，文献中有四个被描述为“ cathemeral”，即昼夜活跃的物种。这项研究表明，某些物种至少部分适应其行为，以避免人类出现在人类活动较多的栖息地中，并增加了我们对缅甸这一研究程度较低的国家中大型哺乳动物的状况的了解。这些物种都受到狩猎或偷猎活动的威胁，文献中有四个被描述为“ cathemeral”，即昼夜活跃的物种。这项研究表明，某些物种至少部分适应其行为，以避免人类出现在人类活动较多的栖息地中，并增加了我们对缅甸这一研究程度较低的国家中大型哺乳动物的状况的了解。