Industrial policy has re-emerged as an area of policy discussion in recent years, but the characteristics and role of industrial policy vary across national contexts. Particularly, the role of industrial policy in the ongoing energy transitions of different countries has received little attention. We introduce an analytical framework to explore the relationship between industrial policy and different energy policy trajectories and apply this framework in an empirical analysis of the perceptions of key stakeholders in the energy sector in Germany, the United Kingdom and Denmark. We identify four key elements of industrial policy – industrial visions, industrial policy instruments, industrial policy governance, and employment concerns – and based on these analyse perceptions of how industrial policy has facilitated changes in the energy system of the three countries. We find significant differences in industrial policy styles for low-carbon transitions, reflecting broader differences in political institutions and cultures. Our analysis shows how sustainability transitions relate to industrial policy, and which elements can act as enablers and barriers to low-carbon transitions.

近年来，产业政策已经重新成为政策讨论的领域，但是产业政策的特征和作用因国家而异。特别是，产业政策在不同国家正在进行的能源转型中的作用很少受到关注。我们引入了一个分析框架，以探讨产业政策与不同能源政策轨迹之间的关系，并将该框架应用于对德国，英国和丹麦的能源行业主要利益相关者的看法进行的实证分析。我们确定了产业政策的四个关键要素–产业愿景，产业政策工具，产业政策治理，就业问题–并在此基础上分析对产业政策如何促进这三个国家能源系统变化的看法。我们发现，低碳转型的产业政策风格存在重大差异，反映出政治制度和文化的广泛差异。我们的分析表明，可持续发展转型与产业政策之间的关系，以及哪些要素可以成为低碳转型的推动者和障碍。