Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

The topic of cross-linguistic influence regarding the overt or null expression of arguments has been frequently considered regarding bilinguals acquiring language pairs in which the null option is licensed by one and not both of the two languages. The goal of this study is to investigate whether simultaneous and sequential bilinguals differ from monolinguals in the case of the acquisition of Polish and German; that is, languages which both license null subjects and null objects, but in which the nature of the null arguments clearly differs. We focus on the acquisition of null arguments as silent but syntactically active bundles of features.

Design/methodology/approach:

We compare the use of null subjects and null objects by 72 bilingual and 45 monolingual children in experimental setting: acceptability judgement and sentence repetition.

Data and analysis:

The distribution of null arguments in production and judgement data of simultaneous and early sequential bilinguals was compared to the data of monolinguals.

Findings/conclusions:

The study has revealed that early sequential Polish-German bilinguals avoid null subjects in L2 German at an advanced stage of acquisition, even though null subjects are quite frequent in their L1. The slower acquisition of null subjects in early L2 German in comparison to null objects in the case of Polish-German bilinguals demonstrates that the dissimilarity between the null subjects in both languages may lead to the delay effect in the acquisition. The findings suggest that the cross-linguistic influence is due to the increased complexity inherent to the integration of syntactic and pragmatic information in case of null arguments.

Originality:

Unlike previous studies, we focus on the acquisition of null arguments in a language pair, Polish and German, in which the null option is licensed by both grammars, and in which the nature of the null arguments clearly differ.

中文翻译：

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在同时和早期顺序习得中的跨语言影响：波兰语-德语双语中的空主语和空物

目的和宗旨/目的/研究问题：

关于参数的公开或空值表达的跨语言影响的话题经常被有关双语者获取语言对的话题所考虑，在该语言对中，空值选项是由一种而非两种语言共同许可的。这项研究的目的是调查在收购波兰语和德语的情况下同时双语和顺序双语是否不同于单语。也就是说，既许可空主题又使用空对象，但其中空参数的性质明显不同的语言。我们专注于获取空参数作为沉默但在语法上活跃的功能束。

设计/方法/方法：

我们比较了实验环境中72名双语和45名单语儿童对空主题和空对象的使用：可接受性判断和句子重复。

数据与分析：

同时和早期顺序双语者的生产和判断数据中的空参数的分布与单语者的数据进行了比较。

结果/结论：

研究表明，早期的波兰语-德语双语者在高级学习阶段避免使用L2德语中的空对象，即使空对象在他们的L1中很常见。与波兰语-德语双语的情况相比，早期二语德语中空主题的习得慢于空对象，这表明两种语言中空主题之间的差异可能会导致延迟习得。研究结果表明，跨语言的影响是由于在空论证的情况下整合句法和语用信息所固有的复杂性的增加。

独创性：

与以前的研究不同，我们专注于获取波兰语和德语语言对中的空参数，其中空选项由两种语法许可，并且空参数的性质明显不同。