ABSTRACT

Sequestrate fungi have enclosed hypogeous, subhypogeous, or epigeous basidiomes and have lost the ability to actively discharge their spores. They can be distinguished as gasteroid (basidiome fully enclosed with a loculated hymenophore) or secotioid (basidiome with some agaricoid or pileate-stipitate features, but the lamellae are misshapen and unexposed or mostly unexposed at maturity). There are only four reports of sequestrate taxa within the ectomycorrhizal family Inocybaceae, three from Australia and one from western North America. Recent field work in Nothofagaceae forests in the Chilean coastal range revealed novel sequestrate forms of Inocybe. We examined specimens using a combination of morphological and molecular data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and portions of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) and the gene encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). Here, we describe four new sequestrate Inocybe species, I. ranunculiformis, I. anfractuosa, I. illariae, and I. nahuelbutensis. Results of our phylogenetic analysis resolved the four new species as distinct species-level clades with strong support, suggesting that these fungi have convergently evolved sequestrate forms independently. The species described here were all placed along with members of the “smooth-spored temperate austral clade,” which includes almost exclusively Australasian and South American species of Inocybe.

摘要

螯合真菌封闭了次生的、次生的或表生的担子组，并且失去了主动排出孢子的能力。它们可以被区分为gasteroid（担子群被一个定位的膜细胞完全包围）或secotioid（担子群具有一些伞形体或有柄的特征，但片层畸形且未暴露或在成熟时大部分未暴露）。在外生菌根家族 Inocybaceae 中只有四份隔离类群的报告，三份来自澳大利亚，一份来自北美西部。最近在智利沿海地区 Nothofagaceae 森林的实地工作揭示了Inocybe 的新型螯合形式. 我们使用来自 nuc rDNA 内部转录间隔区 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) 和部分 nuc 28S rDNA (28S) 和编码 RNA 聚合酶 II 的第二大亚基 ( rpb2）。在这里，我们描述了四种新的螯合型Inocybe物种，即毛茛属植物I. anfractuosa、I.illariae和I. nahuelbutensis. 我们的系统发育分析结果将这四个新物种解析为具有强烈支持的不同物种级进化枝，这表明这些真菌已经独立地趋同进化了螯合形式。这里描述的物种都与“光滑孢子温带南方进化枝”的成员一起放置，其中几乎完全包括澳大利亚和南美的Inocybe物种。