Abstract

Halitosis or oral malodor is one of the most common reasons for the patients' visit to the dental clinic, ranking behind only dental caries and periodontitis. In the present times, where social and professional communications are becoming unavoidable, halitosis has become a concern of growing importance. Oral malodor mostly develops due to the putrefaction of substrates by the indigenous bacterial populations. Although culture-based studies have provided adequate information on halitosis, the high throughput omics technologies have amplified the resolution at which oral microbial community can be examined and has led to the detection of a broader range of taxa associated with intra-oral halitosis (IOH). These microorganisms are regulated by the interactions of their ecological processes. Thus to develop effective treatment strategies, it is important to understand the microbial basis of halitosis. In the current review, we provide an update on IOH in context to the role of the oral microbiome, metabolic pathways involved, and novel diagnostic tools, including breathomics. Understanding oral microbiota associated with halitosis from a broader ecological perspective can provide novel insights into one's oral and systemic health. Such information can pave the way for the emergence of diagnostic tools that can revolutionize the early detection of halitosis and various associated medical conditions.

摘要

口臭或口腔异味是患者去牙科诊所的最常见原因之一，仅次于龋齿和牙周炎。在当今社会和专业交流变得不可避免的时代，口臭已成为越来越重要的问题。口腔恶臭主要是由于本地细菌种群对底物的腐烂而产生的。尽管基于文化的研究已经提供了有关口臭的足够信息，但是高通量的组学技术扩大了可以检查口腔微生物群落的分辨率，并导致发现了与口内口臭（IOH）相关的更广泛的分类单元。这些微生物受到其生态过程相互作用的调节。从而制定有效的治疗策略，重要的是要了解口臭的微生物基础。在当前的审查中，我们提供了有关口腔微生物组的作用，所涉及的代谢途径以及新型诊断工具（包括呼吸动力学）的IOH的最新信息。从更广泛的生态学角度了解与口臭相关的口腔微生物群，可以为人们的口腔和全身健康提供新颖的见解。这些信息可以为诊断工具的出现铺平道路，这些诊断工具可以彻底改变口臭和各种相关医疗状况的早期检测。从更广泛的生态学角度了解与口臭相关的口腔微生物群，可以为人们的口腔和全身健康提供新颖的见解。这些信息可以为诊断工具的出现铺平道路，这些诊断工具可以彻底改变口臭和各种相关医疗状况的早期检测。从更广泛的生态学角度了解与口臭相关的口腔微生物群，可以为人们的口腔和全身健康提供新颖的见解。这些信息可以为诊断工具的出现铺平道路，这些诊断工具可以彻底改变口臭和各种相关医疗状况的早期检测。