Synthetic musks (SMs), a class of organic compounds added to various personal care products (PCPs) to enhance aroma, are increasingly released into the environment and become one emerging contaminants of concern in India. Some SMs like Galaxolide, Tonalide and Musk Ketone (MK) are lipophilic and found ubiquitously in the environment, posing health and ecological risks, especially affecting aquatic organisms. Hence, monitoring the synthetic musks contamination in these rivers become environmentally inevitable. Consequently, three major rivers, the Kaveri (Cauvery), Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers in Tamil Nadu, India, were investigated to understand the occurrence and fate of SMs. The concentration of Galaxolide, Tonalide and MK in surface water ranged as not detected (ND)-198, ND-77 and ND-62 ng/L, respectively. The levels of SMs in the Kaveri River were comparable with Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers; however, the detection frequency was low in Thamirabarani river. Fish samples from the Kaveri river had higher concentrations of SMs (galaxolide 36-350 ng/g > MK 2-33 ng/g > Tonalide 1- 9 ng/g ww (wet weight)) than in the Vellar River. Based on Hazard Quotient, SMs pose no risks to freshwater systems and the resident organisms in this study. In India, the dry season starts from March to July (35 – 42 ºC) and wet season starts from November to February (25 – 35 ºC). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Galaxolide were found higher during the wet season and lower during the dry season, whereas it is reverse for Tonalide. Among fish Gebilion catla may be a good indicator species for SMs, despite the seasons, it accumulates more. This is the first study of SMs in surface water and fish from the rivers in India.

合成麝香（SMs）是添加到各种个人护理产品（PCPs）中以增强香气的一类有机化合物，越来越多地释放到环境中，并成为印度新兴的令人关注的污染物。一些SM，例如Galaxolide，Tonalide和Musk Ketone（MK）具有亲脂性，在环境中普遍存在，构成健康和生态风险，特别是影响水生生物。因此，监测这些河流中合成麝香的污染在环境上是不可避免的。因此，对印度泰米尔纳德邦的三大主要河流，即卡韦里河（卡弗里河），维拉尔河和塔米拉巴拉尼河进行了调查，以了解SM的发生和命运。地表水中的Galaxolide，Tonalide和MK的浓度分别为（ND）-198，ND-77和ND-62 ng / L。卡韦里河中的SM水平与维拉尔河和塔米拉巴拉尼河相当。但是，塔米拉巴拉尼河的检测频率较低。来自Kaveri河的鱼类样品中SM含量较高（galaxolide 36-350 ng / g> MK 2-33  ng / g> Tonalide 1- 9  ng / g ww（湿重））。基于危害商，在本研究中，SM对淡水系统和居民生物没有危害。在印度，旱季始于3月至7月（35 – 42ºC），雨季始于11月至2月（25 – 35ºC）。Galaxolide的生物浓缩因子（BCF）值在雨季较高，而在旱季较低，而Tonalide则相反。尽管有季节，但在鱼类中，Gebilion catla可能是SM的良好指示物种，它的蓄积量更多。这是印度河流中地表水和鱼类中SM的首次研究。