In developing the focus theory of normative conduct (FTNC), Cialdini et al. (1990), proposed and demonstrated that social anti-littering norms reduced littering in 1) clean environments (signaling that others did not litter) and 2) by adding a single piece of litter to an otherwise clean environment. The assumption was that the single piece of litter would focus people's attention on the descriptive anti-littering norm, signaling that others did not litter. Despite the profound influence of Cialdini et al.‘s (1990) paper, no attempt to replicate this “single piece of litter” effect has been reported. In two high powered and pre-registered field-experiments and one online experiment (n_total = 1798), we attempted to replicate and then examine the processes behind both descriptive anti-littering norms and the single piece of litter effect. Results first supported FTNC by replicating less littering in clean compared to littered environments. Second, replications of the single piece of litter effect ran contrary to the original finding, showing as much littering in environments including a single piece of litter as in fully littered environments. Hence, littering increased rather than decreased by adding a single piece of litter in an otherwise clean environment. Supporting some theoretical assumptions of the FTNC, a follow-up experiment showed increased salience of an anti-littering norm and a perceived descriptive norm against littering in a single-piece-of-litter compared to a clean environment. However, in line with findings from our replications, the injunctive anti-littering norm appears to weaken as litter accumulates.

在发展规范行为焦点理论（FTNC）时，Cialdini等人。（1990年）提出并证明了社会反垃圾准则在1）干净的环境（表明其他人没有乱扔垃圾）和2）通过在不干净的环境中添加单个垃圾来减少乱扔垃圾。假设是，一窝垃圾会把人们的注意力集中在描述性的防乱扔垃圾规范上，表明其他垃圾不会乱扔垃圾。尽管Cialdini等人（1990）的论文产生了深远的影响，但尚未有报道试图复制这种“单窝”效应。在两项功能强大且预先注册的现场实验和一项在线实验中（_共计n = 1798），我们尝试复制描述性的反乱抛垃圾规范和单个垃圾效果背后的过程，然后进行研究。结果首先支持FTNC，因为在干净环境中复制的垃圾要少于在垃圾环境中复制的垃圾。其次，单块垃圾效果的复制与原始发现相反，显示出包括单块垃圾在内的环境中的垃圾与完全垃圾环境中的垃圾一样多。因此，通过在原本干净的环境中添加单个垃圾来增加垃圾而不是减少垃圾。支持FTNC的一些理论假设，一项后续实验显示，与干净的环境相比，在单个垫料上，抗垫料规范和对垫料的描述性规范的重要性有所提高。然而，