Shared and cooperative control of situations is now a term used in the context of humans and machines, but affects homo-sapiens already much longer than human-machine systems exist. Anthropologists describe not only how the human cognition evolved, but how the ability to have a shared intentionality, to cooperate towards common goals and to integrate tools and technology into this interplay shaped homo-sapiens and enabled his rise to one of the most dominant species on this planet. Many thousands of years later, the interplay between humans and technology has become even more important. Machines have become more capable not only to extend our physical power, but also to develop cognitive capabilities and to act automatically. Automation is already prevailing e.g. in aviation, but also in other domains like ground vehicles, cognitive capabilities of machines are increasingly used e.g. in form of assistance systems or automated driving. While assistance points towards a role of the machine that is only trying to support the human, and automation points towards a solution where mainly the machine is taking over the main task, there are situations where both the human and the machine act together at the same time. This has been described so far with at least two different phrases that have so many aspects in common that they should be analysed and developed together. One phrase is Shared Control that stresses the fact that human and machine share tasks and control a situation together. The other phrase is cooperative control or cooperative automation, that stresses the fact that human and machines cooperate on a task and control a situation cooperatively. Shared and cooperative control must not be seen as different concepts, but as slightly different perspectives or foci on a common design space of shared intentionality, control and cooperation between humans and machines. One working hypothesis which the special issue will explore is that shared control can be understood as cooperation on the control level, while cooperative control can include shared control, but also extend the cooperation towards higher levels e.g. of guidance and navigation, of manoeuvres and goals (see. Figure 1).

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特刊征稿

情况的共享和协作控制现在是在人和机器的上下文中使用的术语，但影响智人的时间已经比人机系统存在的时间长得多。人类学家不仅描述了人类认知是如何进化的，而且描述了拥有共同意向、合作实现共同目标以及将工具和技术整合到这种相互作用中的能力如何塑造了智人，并使他成为地球上最具优势的物种之一。这个星球。数千年后，人类与技术之间的相互作用变得更加重要。机器不仅能够扩展我们的体力，而且能够发展认知能力和自动行动。自动化已经在航空等领域盛行，但也在其他领域如地面车辆、机器的认知能力越来越多地用于辅助系统或自动驾驶等形式。虽然辅助指向机器的角色，它只是试图支持人类，而自动化指向一个主要由机器接管主要任务的解决方案，但在某些情况下，人和机器同时行动时间。到目前为止，已经使用至少两个不同的短语描述了这一点，这些短语有很多共同点，应该一起分析和发展。一个短语是共享控制，它强调人与机器共享任务并共同控制情况。另一个短语是协同控制或协同自动化，强调人与机器合作完成任务并协同控制情况。共享和协作控制不能被视为不同的概念，而应被视为人类与机器之间共享意向、控制和合作的共同设计空间的略有不同的观点或焦点。本期特刊将探讨的一个工作假设是，共享控制可以理解为控制层面上的合作，而合作控制可以包括共享控制，但也可以将合作扩展到更高层次，例如制导和导航、机动和目标。见。图1）。