This study investigated the hierarchical connection among injury severity, non-truck improper actions, and contributing factors in large-truck-involved crashes. Data for 4 years (2011–2014) of crashes that involved a large truck (≥ 10,000 lb) and a non-truck vehicle were collected from suburban roads in Florida, U.S. A recursive bivariate probit model was fitted with collected data to identify the cause-effect chain, including contributing factors influenced by improper actions, the effects of improper actions on injury severity, and contributing factors indirectly affecting injury severity in large-truck-related crashes. Study results indicate that non-truck vehicle improper actions, such as excessive speed, careless driving, failure to yield right-of-way, and others, significantly increase the likelihood of fatal and severe injury in large-truck crashes, and factors such as crash month, darkness, intersection-related, surface and shoulder width, truck parking, truck driver age, non-truck driver age, and non-truck alcohol/drug impaired indirectly influence injury severity through their impacts on non-truck improper actions. Two factors—truck right-turn and non-truck driver physical defects—affect injury severity and non-truck improper actions simultaneously. Other factors, including crash year, annual average daily traffic, speed limit, crash type, truck type, truck speed, truck alcohol/drug-impaired, and motorcycle involvement, directly contribute to injury severity in large-truck crashes and have no influence on non-truck improper actions.

这项研究调查了伤害严重程度，非卡车不当行为以及涉及大卡车的碰撞中的影响因素之间的等级关系。从美国佛罗里达州的郊区道路上收集了涉及大型卡车（≥10,000磅）和非卡车车辆的4年（2011-2014年）车祸数据。采用递归双变量概率模型对收集的数据进行拟合，以找出原因影响链，包括受不当行为影响的影响因素，不当行为对伤害严重性的影响以及间接影响大卡车相关碰撞中伤害严重性的影响因素。研究结果表明，非卡车车辆的不当行为，例如超速，不小心驾驶，无法获得通行权等，大大增加了大型卡车碰撞中致命和重伤的可能性，以及诸如碰撞月份，黑暗，与交叉点相关的，地面和肩部宽度，卡车停车位，卡车驾驶员年龄，非卡车驾驶员年龄和非卡车等因素酒精/毒品受损者通过其对非卡车不当行为的影响而间接影响伤害的严重程度。卡车右转和非卡车驾驶员的身体缺陷这两个因素会同时影响伤害严重性和非卡车不当行为。其他因素，包括撞车年份，年平均每日行车量，车速限制，撞车类型，卡车类型，卡车速度，卡车酒精/药物受损以及摩托车参与，直接影响了大卡车撞车的伤害严重性，对非卡车不当行为。与交叉路口相关的，表面和肩部宽度，卡车停车位，卡车驾驶员年龄，非卡车驾驶员年龄以及非卡车酒精/药物受损间接影响非卡车不当行为，从而严重影响伤害的严重性。卡车右转和非卡车驾驶员的身体缺陷这两个因素会同时影响伤害严重性和非卡车不当行为。其他因素，包括撞车年份，年平均每日行车量，车速限制，撞车类型，卡车类型，卡车速度，卡车酒精/药物受损以及摩托车参与，直接影响了大卡车撞车的伤害严重性，对非卡车不当行为。与交叉路口相关的，表面和肩部宽度，卡车停车位，卡车驾驶员年龄，非卡车驾驶员年龄以及非卡车酒精/药物受损间接影响非卡车不当行为，从而严重影响伤害的严重性。卡车右转和非卡车驾驶员的身体缺陷这两个因素会同时影响伤害严重性和非卡车不当行为。其他因素，包括撞车年份，年平均每日行车量，速度限制，撞车类型，卡车类型，卡车速度，卡车酒精/药物受损以及摩托车参与，直接导致大卡车撞车事故中的伤害严重性，而对非卡车不当行为。非卡车酒精/毒品受损者通过影响非卡车不当行为而间接影响伤害的严重程度。卡车右转和非卡车驾驶员的身体缺陷这两个因素会同时影响伤害严重性和非卡车不当行为。其他因素，包括撞车年份，年平均每日行车量，车速限制，撞车类型，卡车类型，卡车速度，卡车酒精/药物受损以及摩托车参与，直接影响了大卡车撞车的伤害严重性，对非卡车不当行为。非卡车酒精/毒品受损者通过影响非卡车不当行为而间接影响伤害的严重程度。卡车右转和非卡车驾驶员的身体缺陷这两个因素会同时影响伤害严重性和非卡车不当行为。其他因素，包括撞车年份，年平均每日行车量，车速限制，撞车类型，卡车类型，卡车速度，卡车酒精/药物受损以及摩托车参与，直接影响了大卡车撞车的伤害严重性，对非卡车不当行为。