Abstract

Exogenous retroviruses are RNA viruses that require reverse transcription for their replication. Among these viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is infectious to humans and causes the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are also endogenous retroelements that require reverse transcription for their retrotransposition, among which the type 1 long interspersed element (LINE-1) is the only type of retroelement that can replicate autonomously. It was once believed that retroviruses like HIV and retroelements like LINE-1 share similarities in processes such as reverse transcription and integration. Accordingly, many HIV suppressors are also potent LINE-1 inhibitors. However, in many cases, one suppressor uses two or more distinct mechanisms to repress HIV and LINE-1. In this review, we discuss some of these suppressors, focusing on their alternative mechanisms opposing the replication of HIV and LINE-1. Based on the differences in HIV and LINE-1 activity, the subcellular localization of these suppressors, and the impact of LINE-1 retrotransposition on human cells, we propose possible reasons for the inhibition of HIV and LINE-1 through different pathways by these suppressors, with the hope of accelerating future studies in associated research fields.

摘要

外源性逆转录病毒是 RNA 病毒，其复制需要逆转录。在这些病毒中，人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 可感染人类并导致获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (AIDS) 的发展。也有内源性逆转录元件需要逆转录才能进行逆转录，其中1型长散布元件（LINE-1）是唯一可以自主复制的逆转录元件。曾经有人认为，像 HIV 这样的逆转录病毒和像 LINE-1 这样的逆转录元件在逆转录和整合等过程中具有相似性。因此，许多 HIV 抑制剂也是有效的 LINE-1 抑制剂。然而，在许多情况下，一个抑制因子使用两种或多种不同的机制来抑制 HIV 和 LINE-1。在这次审查中，我们讨论了其中的一些抑制因子，重点关注它们对抗 HIV 和 LINE-1 复制的替代机制。基于 HIV 和 LINE-1 活性的差异、这些抑制因子的亚细胞定位以及 LINE-1 逆转录转座对人体细胞的影响，我们提出了这些抑制因子通过不同途径抑制 HIV 和 LINE-1 的可能原因，希望加快相关研究领域的未来研究。