Geology is about more than just rocks and other hard objects. Fluids play a major role in shaping the surface of not just Earth but other planets and moons as well. In fact, according to Michael Manga, a geologist at the University of California, Berkeley, just about everything in Earth can be viewed as a fluid. “The atmosphere and the oceans are fluids,” he explains. “Volcanoes erupt magma, which is a fluid. Water flowing through the Earth’s crust—groundwater—is a fluid. Earth’s mantle can be viewed as a fluid on geological timescales, even though it’s a solid material.” Throughout his career, Manga, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018, has applied principles of fluid dynamics to help answer a wide range of questions in earth science: What makes volcanoes erupt explosively, how can earthquakes trigger distant volcanic eruptions, how do groundwater flows and earthquakes interact, and what goes on beneath the icy surface of moons in the outer Solar System.

中文翻译：

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迈克尔·曼加的简介 [简介]

地质学不仅仅是岩石和其他坚硬物体。流体不仅在塑造地球表面而且在其他行星和卫星的表面上都起着重要作用。事实上，根据加州大学伯克利分校的地​​质学家迈克尔曼加的说法，地球上几乎所有的东西都可以被视为流体。“大气和海洋都是流体，”他解释说。“火山喷发岩浆，这是一种流体。流经地壳的水——地下水——是一种流体。地球的地幔在地质时间尺度上可以被视为一种流体，即使它是一种固体材料。” Throughout his career, Manga, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018, has applied principles of fluid dynamics to help answer a wide range of questions in earth science: What makes volcanoes erupt explosively,